Clash Americas - Matthew Ehret - outlined in Checkvist

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p1 Clash Americas
- Book Summary
  - Republican mission endures: The United States was founded as the first sovereign republic in an international age-of-reason effort grounded in natural law, equality, consent of the governed, and the right to alter destructive government.
  - Its history turns on an unfinished struggle between that republican principle of moral reason, cooperation, and nation-building and an imperial principle that keeps peoples subordinate through oligarchy, servile belief, and control over opinion, finance, and institutions.
  - 1776 was universal: American independence was secured by a broad republican alliance that extended through France, Prussia, Poland, Russia, India, Morocco, and other theaters, and it was meant to inaugurate a new order for mankind rather than settle a local colonial quarrel.
  - That opening was later crippled when constitutional and humanist possibilities in Europe were broken by Jacobin terror, Napoleonic empire, the Congress of Vienna, and systems of censorship and reaction that deliberately suppressed the same principles associated with North America.
  - Empire blocked neighbors: The same clash appears in North America beyond the United States, where Canada was kept inside hereditary empire and denied the fuller republican development opened by Franklin and the Continental cause.
  - British strategy, clerical submission, feudal survivals, Crown-controlled constitutional forms, and later Confederation made Canada an anti-republican outpost that repeatedly obstructed the spread of sovereign development and later served as a base for covert operations against the Union.
  - Liberty needed development: Political freedom depends on a true standard of value that locates wealth in the productive powers of labor, scientific discovery, manufacturing, infrastructure, and sovereign credit rather than in profit, land, or speculative money-making.
  - Franklin, Hamilton, Carey, Lincoln, and their allies advanced an American System of national banking, productive credit, protective policy, and internal improvements that raised living standards and human creativity, while free trade, monetarism, austerity, and supranational financial control served empire and social decay.
  - Slavery served empire: Slavery was not the hidden truth of the republic but a sectional and imperial system that Britain long fostered while blocking colonial efforts to restrict both slave importation and manufacturing.
  - The antislavery trajectory of the states, the Northwest Ordinance, Franklin's conception of value, Douglass's constitutional nationalism, and Lincoln's unionism all placed emancipation within a broader fight against an agrarian, slave-based order tied to the City of London, Wall Street, and British strategic hostility to American industrial sovereignty.
  - Deep state persisted: A tri-fold anti-republican apparatus formed early from the Anglo-Canadian establishment, the Eastern Establishment, and the Virginia slaveholding interest, with Burr, Pickering, and related circles advancing secession, disunion, and British dependency when open conquest had failed.
  - Northern secession plots, western conspiracy, the Jackson-Van Buren machine, and later Confederate, Wall Street, and Canadian-linked operations expressed one continuing internal force working to break the Union, destroy Hamiltonian institutions, and subordinate the nation to imperial finance.
  - Lincoln restored sovereignty: Lincoln joined the destruction of slavery to the recovery of sovereign economic power by restoring the American System in wartime through federal banking supervision, Treasury-issued Greenbacks, bond sales to citizens, tariffs, and development measures including the transcontinental railway.
  - His victory showed that national credit under public authority could defeat secession, escape usurious dependence on London and Wall Street, and finance both war and long-term growth, while his assassination opened the way for a return to hard-money and oligarchical control.
  - Russia backed union: Russia under Alexander II aligned with the United States because both faced British imperial strategy and both pursued emancipation and developmental statecraft.
  - Russian support for the Union, the dispatch of naval squadrons in 1863, the Alaska Purchase, and Russian study of the American System all belonged to a larger continental alternative based on rail, industry, Pacific development, and eventual linkage across the Bering Strait, an alternative cut short by the murders of Lincoln and Alexander II and by the consolidation of British North America.
  - World landbridge beckons: The highest expression of the American mission lies in continental and world development through cooperation among sovereign powers, especially the United States, Russia, and China.
  - Gilpin's Pacific and railway outlook, the Alaska connection, transcontinental construction, and the projected world landbridge through the Bering Strait define a positive anti-imperial future in which infrastructure, science, productive credit, and exchange among civilizations replace geopolitics, maritime domination, and zero-sum empire.
  - Ideas shape power: The decisive battlefield is historical memory and the conception of man, because oligarchical systems survive by capturing opinion, falsifying history, and imposing doctrines of limits that deny human creativity.
  - Efforts such as the 1619 Project, Malthusian and Darwinian social theory as organized through the X Club and later imperial networks, and related attacks on the Constitution and patriotic memory prepare populations to accept the republic's destruction, whereas the needed recovery affirms the American anti-colonial inheritance, the constitutional fight for general welfare, and the continuing choice between the English system of pauperism and war and the American System of civilization and peace.
- Introduction
  - Chapter Summary
    - Founding Crisis Endures: The United States stands on a precipice because the founders effort to inaugurate a new age of reason grounded in Natural Law remains unfinished and can still be lost.
    - The central struggle is not temporary or local, but an enduring conflict between a society ordered to moral reason, cooperation, and the higher powers of the mind and forces that keep humanity confined to sense perception, passion, and servile belief.
    - Paradigms Govern History: History must be understood as a continuous contest between opposing conceptions of humankind, law, and mind, not as a series of disconnected events.
    - Decisive advances such as the Renaissance, the Peace of Westphalia, and the American Revolution arose from this clash of paradigms, and history must therefore be studied in the Schillerian sense as an inquiry into both the past and the future possibilities of mankind.
    - Republic Meets Empire: United States history is shaped by a sustained battle between the republican renaissance tradition and the imperial tradition associated with Babylon, Rome, and the British Empire.
    - Benjamin Franklin and his collaborators made the victory of 17761783 possible and defined the United States as the worlds first sovereign republic, while imperial forces remained embedded in positions of power and later American figures acted, in mixed ways, within this larger conflict.
    - Victory Stayed Incomplete: The triumph of 1783 was never fully consolidated, and the subsequent history of the republic turns on repeated assaults upon its principles and institutions.
    - The record includes republican networks abroad, failed openings in Canada and France, attacks on the American System, and later battles involving Lincoln, Douglass, deep state operations, the Civil War, Alaska, Canada, transcontinental development, and imperial reorganization.
    - Real evils must be acknowledged, but Americas professed ideals cannot be dismissed as mere fraud, because the continuing struggle is between sovereign nation-building and anti-republican imperial strategy.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - America Faces Crisis: The United States stands on a precipice because the founders effort to establish a new age of reason grounded in Natural Law remains unfinished and may be lost.
      - The struggle at issue is ancient and enduring: a society ordered toward higher pleasures of the spirit, moral reason, and cooperation has repeatedly been advanced and repeatedly sabotaged by forces that keep humanity chained to sense perception, passion, and servile belief.
      - History Turns on Paradigms: Truthful history requires seeing a continuous conflict between opposing conceptions of humankind, law, and mind rather than treating events as isolated episodes.
      - This dynamic interplay of paradigms made possible decisive breakthroughs such as the Renaissance, the Peace of Westphalia, and the American Revolution, and it must be studied in the Schillerian sense as an inquiry into both past and future, since history is shaped by competing ideas of what humanity may become.
      - Two Americas Struggle: United States history is presented as the product of a sustained battle between the republican renaissance tradition and the imperial tradition associated with Babylon, Rome, and the British Empire.
      - On one side stand Benjamin Franklin and allied collaborators who made 17761783 possible and defined the United States as the worlds first sovereign republic; on the other stand imperial forces in positions of power, with later American actors often playing mixed roles for good or ill within this larger contest from 1776 to 1901.
      - Unfinished Republic Examined: The volume traces how the victory of 1783 was never fully consolidated through an international survey of republican networks, failed revolutionary openings in Canada and France, attacks on the American System, and later battles over Lincoln, Douglass, deep state operations, the Civil War, Alaska, Canada, transcontinental development, and imperial reorganization.
      - It rejects the reduction of all American history to white-supremacist fraud, insists on acknowledging real evils without discarding professed ideals as mere hypocrisy, and follows the continuing fight between sovereign nation-building and anti-republican imperial strategy into the threshold of a second volume.
    - The Clash of the Two Americas
    - Volume 1
    - The Unfinished Symphony
    - By Matthew Ehret
    - With a special contribution by Cynthia Chung
    - The Clash of the Two Americas vol 1 © 2021 by Matthew Ehret.
    - All Rights Reserved.
    - All rights reserved.
    - No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author.
    - The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.
    - Matthew Ehret www. canadianpatriot. org www. risingtidefoundation. net
    - Printed in Canada
    - First Printing: 2021
    - Canadian Patriot Press
    - ISBN- 9798541003543
    - The United States today sits upon a precipice and the dream of the Founding Fathers of a new age of reason for all humankind may soon be washed away by the sands of time as just another failed effort to bring humanity into alignment with the force of Natural Law.
    - Time and again, humanity has been brought closer to this dream of an age of moral reason and cooperation that would define the terms of international law, politicaleconomy, the arts and even science policy.
    - The topic was treated at length in Plato’s Republic, Laws, and Gorgias, just as it was treated by the great Platonist of the Roman Republic, Cicero in his Commonwealth and Laws.
    - It was treated thoroughly by the Platonic Christian St. Augustine of Hippo in his City of God and Free Choice of the Will and it was treated by Augustine’s followers Alcuin (advisor to Charlemagne), Dante Alighieri, Nicholas of Cusa and countless great Renaissance scholars and statesmen.
    - The idea of a society founded upon the cultivation of the love of higher pleasures of the spirit rather than the feeding of the lower pleasures of the fleshly passions is thus a long standing one which has never been properly resolved and which has been sabotaged relentlessly by historic forces seeking to keep humanity enslaved to beliefs in sense perceptions as serfs chained to a cave wall believing that those shadows cast before their eyes were all the reality that exists.
    - It is our contention that without an appreciation for this dynamic interplay between sets of paradigms as a driving force in global grand strategy, then it were impossible to achieve any truthful understanding of what made such anomalies of history as the 15 th century Italian Renaissance, the 1648 Peace of Westphalia or the 1776 American Revolution possible.
    - In this first volume of "The Clash of Two Americas”, Rising Tide Foundation founders Cynthia Chung and Matthew Ehret break from the commonly practiced tradition of dissecting individual elements of history as myopic “events” to be carved out of a timeline, dissected and commented upon.
    - The authors instead propose treating US history as the effect of a significant continuous struggle between two opposing conceptions of humankind, law and mind which has shaped all seemingly discrete “events” throughout recorded history as one continuous function.
    - Most importantly, following the historical methods outlined by the great Friedrich Schiller in his Universal History lectures, we will treat this study as not only an exploration of the past but as an exploration of the future, knowing as we do that 1) the past is shaped by ideas of competing futures that did or did not succeed and 2) our present circumstances are themselves both the consequences of the past and also the material which future historians will study when trying to make sense of how we eithei failed to break from our tragic trajectories or succeeded in avoiding a dark age.
    - Throughout this book, we will explore the origins of the USA as the world’s first sovereign republic and the battles over ideas and policy from leading representatives of either school of thought during the 18 th and 19 th centuries.
    - On the one hand we will explore the mind and strategies of paragons of the greatest renaissance traditions like Benjamin Franklin and his international network of collaborators that made the events of 1776-1783 possible.
    - On the other hand we will contrast this with those heirs to the traditions of the Babylonian and Roman empires occupying positions of power within the corridors of the British Empire.
    - With these two opposing forces established, we will be better able to see a context in which representatives influenced by either school of thought played a role for good or ill (sometimes doing both at different times) within the young United States from 1776 to 1901.
    - In chapter one, we will explore the international conspiracy of republican forces- largely organized by Benjamin Franklin stretching from France, Poland, Germany, and Russia, all the way to Morocco and India.
    - This exercise will demonstrate that the United States is both more than many believe it to be and less than it was meant to become, remaining an unfinished symphony of sorts whose victory of 1783 was never truly consolidated, despite remaining whole throughout a Civil War.
    - From chapters two to four, we will review three case studies of failures of people and leaders to capture the “pregnant moment” of 1776, first with a review of the causes of French Canada’s inability to join the signing of the declaration of independence as the 14 th colony, followed by the failure of Benjamin Franklin’s collaborators in France to keep the revolution of 1789 from sliding into a Jacobin bloodbath (chapter 3).
    - In chapter four, we will see how an elderly Marquis Lafayette missed his second chance to undo the disastrous failure of the earlier French revolution after the Napoleonic Wars and Congress of Vienna traumatized Europe for nearly 40 years.
    - In chapter five, we will return to the case of the United States by testing the modern practice of Critical Race theory outlined in the 1619 Project that attempts to frame all US history as the direct effect of white supremacists seeking to dominate black slaves.
    - This theory will be contrasted with an approach which both acknowledges the evils done throughout the pre and post revolutionary years while at the same time avoiding the polarizing trap of assuming all ideals professed by American statesmen were simply veils of hypocrisy wrapped in fraud.
    - In chapter six, the “American System of political economy” outlined by Benjamin Franklin and First Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton is explained.
    - This exercise will help to better appreciate what was it that free trade-loving Anglo forces within both England and the USA sought to destroy and what was it that allowed the young republic to navigate through many storms during its first century of existence.
    - In chapter eight, the re-activation of Hamilton’s system under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln is explored which itself provides an invaluable insight into how the Union was preserved and also the structure of the financial warfare conducted against the Union before, during and after the Civil War itself led by forces located in Wall Street, London, Louisiana and British Canada.
    - In chapter nine, Cynthia Chung showcases the life and mind of Frederick Douglass who rose from a situation of slavery, to becoming a leading voice of the abolitionists to rising yet higher still upon his discovery that the abolitionists themselves did not understand the nature of America’s historical struggle.
    - Douglass’s defense of Lincoln, and efforts to bring cultural as well as political emancipation to both blacks and ignorant whites is explored.
    - In chapter ten, we delve deeply into the trifold structure of the 19 th century deep state operations within the Americas that led in the fueling of fires of Civil War and also the assassination of Lincoln carried out by Confederate secret service operations based in Montreal Canada.
    - In chapters eleven and twelve, the truth of the Alaska purchase will be unveiled featuring the role of pro-American forces leading Russia under Czar Alexander II whose intervention into the US Civil War not only turned the tide in favor of Lincoln but also applied Lincoln’s system of political economy (protectionism, productive credit, interna improvements) towards the industrial development of Russia.
    - The story of the 1867 Alaska Purchase, 1867 BritishNorth America Act in Canada and the intention to connect the US Transcontinental railway with the planned Russian Trans Siberian Railway will thus be given new and fresh meaning from the acausal drivel popularly taught in schools today.
    - In chapter thirteen, we will continue this story into the case of 19 th century Canada in order to evaluate how the British Columbian-US Annexation movement was sabotaged, why the vast expanses of private Hudson Bay properties occupying most of Canada were sold for pennies on the dollar to the Canadian government in 1869 and why the Anglo-Canadian version of the Trans Continental railway was built as a wedge to 1) keep Canada under Monarchical hold as a platform of anti-republican operations in the America: and 2) keep a wedge lodged between a threatened US-Russian alliance for win cooperation then emerging as the basis for a new global system of sovereign nation states
    - In chapter fourteen, the story of Lincoln’s loyal bodyguard and first governor of Colorado, William Gilpin is told in full.
    - Gilpin’s role as a "prophet of progress” promoting the earliest campaign for a Trans Continental Railway starting in the 1840 s, his efforts to create a US-China alliance to undo the corruption spreading in the USA, his role in preventing the South’s opening of a Western front during the Civil War, his deployment of greenbacks modelled on Lincoln’s example, and his 25 year post Civil War campaign to extend rail not only across the Bering Strait into Eurasia but also across Africa, South America, Asia and more.
    - Finally, chapter fifteen ends with the story of Britain’s re-organization of their entire system of empire when faced with the crisis of a world of independent sovereign nation states threatening to undo the unipolar age of Hobbesian survival of the fittest that had characterized the empire as a singular new roman empire for nearly two centuries.
    - This chapter introduces the role of new think tanks starting with Thomas Huxley’s X Club in 1865, followed soon thereafter by the Fabian Society in 18 78 and Rhodes-Milner Round Table Movement in 1902 which unveiled a new Grand Strategy to re-consolidate the empire’s power during the 20 th century and beyond.
    - This story will close the present volume and set the stage for volume two.
- Chapter 1 - The International Dimensions of 1776 and How an Age of Reason Was Subverted
  - Chapter Summary
    - Reckoning demands recovery: America faces a grave reckoning not only because oligarchy and an international deep state have fostered wars, assassinations, and economic enslavement, but also because national decline reflects failures within ourselves.
    - Public life has turned away from ending never-ending wars, breaking up Wall Streets oversized power, and recovering Americas anti-colonial inheritance, while attacks on monuments and denunciations of the Constitution obscure the nations neglected affirmative tradition.
    - 1776 launched universals: The Revolution of 1776 arose as an international republican enterprise, not a merely local colonial dispute.
    - Franklin treated it as the beginning of a new age of reason for mankind, grounded in the principles that all are created equal, that governments derive just powers from the consent of the governed, and that destructive governments may be altered or abolished; his long effort to unite the colonies and his shaping of the Declarations substance expressed that universal purpose.
    - Alliance secured survival: American independence was won through a broad network of republican-minded patriots, statesmen, scientists, and foreign powers across continents.
    - Franklins diplomacy in Paris secured the French alliance that turned the war toward victory, while support from Prussia, Poland, France, Ireland, and Russia provided leadership, training, diplomatic backing, and the League of Armed Neutrality; the wider anti-British struggle also reached India, where Hydar Ali and French forces diverted British strength, and Morocco, whose ruler protected American shipping and first recognized American independence.
    - Reason was subverted: The world-historical promise of 1776 was later crippled when allied republican and humanist forces were defeated abroad.
    - The French Revolutions noble beginning gave way to Jacobin terror, the Napoleonic era ended in the Congress of Vienna and the Holy Alliance, and repressive decrees fell upon books, teaching, and art, while Britain pressed new imperial campaigns in India and China.
    - The age of reason survived more in poets and composers than in political power, leaving America greater in its mission than commonly recognized and less than it was meant to become.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - America faces reckoning: America now stands under a larger shadow and must confront serious historic reckonings.
      - Oligarchy and an international deep state have indeed acted as political forces that arrange wars, assassinations, and economic enslavement, but the blame does not rest on that apparatus alone, because national decline also reflects failures within ourselves.
      - Instead of demanding an end to never ending wars, the breakup of Wall Streets Too Big to Fails, and a return to Americas anti-colonial heritage, public life is dominated by attacks on monuments and by Critical Theorys denunciation of the Constitution as nothing but fraud and white privilege.
      - Against that current, the neglected positive tradition of America deserves honor: Benjamin Franklin helped shape not merely a colonial revolt against the British Empire, but a global republican movement reaching France, Russia, Poland, Ireland, Prussia, India, and Africa, and without that international alliance of republican-minded patriots across cultures, religions, and continents, the Revolution of 1776 and its new government founded on the consent of the governed and the protection of inalienable rights would not have succeeded.
    - A larger shadow is now cast upon America which has come face-to-face with some serious historic reckonings.
    - While the existence of an oligarchy and international “deep state” should not be ignorec as a political force of history- arranging wars, assassinations and promoting economic enslavement of people and nations throughout the centuries, the guilt cannot entirely be placed on this apparatus alone.
    - As Shakespeare’s Cassius once said to Brutus "our fate... is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.”
    - Instead of hearing calls to end the “never ending wars”, break up the Wall Street ‘Too Bi^ to Fails’ or return America to its anti-colonial heritage, today we hear only calls for tearing down monuments, where droves of jaded victims of Critical Theory call for undoing the Constitution as a fraud wrapped in a lie built upon the hypocrisy of white privilege with no redeeming value anywhere to be found.
    - In this first chapter, I would like to take a moment to do something a tad unpopular by honoring the positive traditions of the too-often forgotten America whose Father of Founding Fathers Benjamin Franklin, shaped not merely a revolution of 13 independent-minded colonies against the British Empire, but rather a global movement stretching from France, Russia, Poland, Ireland, Prussia, India and even Africa!
    - Without this international array of republican-minded patriots across cultures, religions and continents, then the revolution of 1776 that established on this earth for the first time a system of government founded upon the Consent of the Governed and for the protection of inalienable rights would never have succeeded.
  - America’s Revolution as an International Affair
    - Section Summary
      - Global republic: Americas revolution was never a merely local quarrel among thirteen colonies.
      - Franklin conceived it as the opening of a new age of reason for mankind, grounded in the Declarations principle that all are created equal, that governments derive just powers from the consent of the governed, and that destructive governments may be altered or abolished.
      - Franklin guided that documents substance, including the preference for happiness over property, after decades spent trying to unite the colonies and overcome the imperial system that kept them divided and underdeveloped.
      - Foreign aid decided: The young republics survival depended on Franklins international network of statesmen and scientists.
      - As ambassador in Paris he secured the 1778 French-American alliance that turned a hopeless struggle toward victory, while allies in Prussia, Poland, France, Ireland, and Russia supplied military leadership, training, diplomatic backing, and the League of Armed Neutrality that kept supplies moving past British naval obstruction.
      - This same wider struggle extended into India, where Hydar Ali and French forces struck Britain hard enough to divert major naval resources from America, and into Morocco, whose ruler protected American shipping and became the first to recognize American independence.
      - Subverted reason: The promise released in 1776 was later crippled by the defeat of allied republican and humanist forces abroad.
      - The French Revolutions noble beginning was overturned by a Jacobin bloodbath that destroyed scientists and patriots alike, and the Napoleonic era ended in the Congress of Vienna, the Holy Alliance, and repressive decrees against books, teaching, and art.
      - As Britain advanced new imperial campaigns in India and China, the age of reason survived more in the work of poets and composers than in political power, leaving America as both greater than commonly imagined in its world-historical mission and less than it was meant to become.
    - Benjamin Franklin’s sad return from Quebec to the Continental Congress in New York from Quebec in May, 1776 was one of the few defeats suffered by the great statesman.
    - Franklin’s decades of work to bring the French Colony of Quebec into the independence movement was sabotaged by 1) the slavish illiteracy rampant among the peasants of the feudal system inherited from France, and 2) the rampant corruption of the Catholic clergy elite which signed a devil’s pact with the British Empire to keep the peasants locked into the empire.
    - These factors would play into the collapse of the French Revolution in 1789 as we will see shortly.
    - Chapters two and three will address each of these stories in fuller detail.
    - One month after this failed effort, a four-man committee led by Franklin drafted the Declaration of Independence on July 2 nd and made public on July 4 th proclaiming:
    - "We hold, these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator -with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That -whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."
    - Although a slave owner named Thomas Jefferson is sadly given sole credit for this document (fueling the argument of those proclaiming America to be a nation built on hypocrisy), the fact is that the great abolitionist Ben Franklin guided the writing of this document from start to finish.
    - Over 40 corrections to Jefferson’s drafts were made by the old statesman including the erasure of Jefferson’s desired wording of “property” derived from his love of John Locke for the higher Leibnizian idea of “happiness” preferred by Franklin. hl
    - Franklin had already fought to unite the colonies for over twenty years beginning with his 1754 Plan of Union at the outset of the French-Indian War adopted by the Albany Congress, but rejected by the individual colonies who were always kept divided amongsi themselves.
    - Franklin’s "Join or Die” cartoon had its origins not in 1776, but actually dur ing the battle of 1754 and it was an open secret that the British Elite of the 18 th century collaborated closely with French oligarchical families to keep the troublesome colonialists subjugated, and underdeveloped as part of the "balance of power” game of empire.^
    - After Franklin’s July 4,1776 success, he understood that the young republic’s fate hinged upon his ability to engage the international network of statesmen, and scientists whom he had organized over the course of 30 years and especially since his 1752 discovery of electricity.
    - It was this later discovery that made Franklin an international sensation earning him the title “Prometheus of America” and immortalized in the paint ing by Benjamin West.
    - This post-1776 phase of his plan took him to France where he was made America’s ambassador in Paris.
    - It was here, that Franklin arranged the French-American Treaty of Alliance of 1778 that turned the tide of the revolution towards the American cause which had zero chance of success before this moment.
    - Franklin had already organized his allies in Prussia where Friedrich the Great voiced open support for the cause and the great military strategist Wilhelm von Steuben became the Inspector General of the Continental Army providing military drills and modern military techniques to the undisciplined "citizen soldiers” of the USA.
    - The republican Polish military engineer and colonel Tadeusz Kosciuszko served as Brigadier-General in the Continental Army and the young Marquis Lafayette who arrived illegally in America along with other French troops before the 1778 alliance treaty, made invaluable contributions to the cause.
    - Over twenty generals of the Continental Congress were Irishmen^, and many led the later efforts to create an Irish revolution in 1798-99.
    - In his ambassadorial station in France, Franklin met many members of the European intelligentsia- including key Russian figures.
    - Among them included a young woman named Ekaterina Dashkova^- the younger friend and confidante of Catherine the Great and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences who became friends with the elder scientist and was soon inducted into Franklin’s Philosophical Society (becoming the society’s first woman and first Russian).
    - In turn, Dashkova made Franklin the first American member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 17 81.
    - It was through these connections that Franklin played a leading role in organizing the League of Armed Neutrality under the helm of Catherine the Great which ensured that vital supplies and arms would make their way from Europe to America without being blocked by British ships.
    - Within the first 12 months, this League grew to include the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, and Prussia.
    - To this day, Russia’s league created the foundations of Maritime law.
    - Franklin’s French networks had deep connections into India as well, which made themselves felt in the French-Indian alliance of 1780 that saw pro-American Muslim leader Hydar Ali lead thousands of Indian soldiers on a march across Western Ghats where they attacked the strategic British Base of Fort St. George near the Port town of Madras^
    - Ali was supported by French troops on land and sea under the command of Admiral Suffren.
    - The great Indian revolutionary had already defeated the British in 1760 and represented a powerful independence force in India that kept British oligarchs up at night (It would still be many years before Britain would gain control of this “Crown Jewel” of the empire).
    - During this conflict, Hydar Ali’s forces innovated rockets which decimated British troops, and forced Britain to re-direct over 20% of their naval fleet from fighting in the Americas- this was a vital boon to the French and American forces a world away.
    - America’s flagship of the Continental fleet was named the Hydar Ali in his honor.
    - In Morocco, the French were able to arrange an important dialogue between Emperor Sidi Mohammed and American officials^ which saved American shipping from the ravages of Barbary pirates who ruled the coasts of Africa and the Straits of Gibraltar.
    - During the opening of the war, the British made sure to inform these Barbary pirates of American shipping and used these forces against American ships bound for Europe.
    - Sidi Mohammed agreed to supply protection for America’s ships and guaranteed them safe harbor from the Tunisian and Algerian pirates.
    - Soon the Continental Congress had passed an act which called for Franklin to lead a team of negotiators to work out a deal with Morocco and other North African countries saying:
    - "Resolved, That a commission be issued to Mr. J. Adams, Mr. B. Franklin and Mr. T. Jefferson, giving powers to them... to make and receive propositions for such treaties of amity and Commerce, and to negotiate and sign the same, transmitting them to Congress for theirfina ratification; and that such commission be in force for a term not exceeding two years.
    - "^
    - Although international political chaos and the constant treachery and intrigue within America during its early years resulted in very little progress on this front, it is noteworthy that Morocco was the first nation in the world to recognize America’s independence on December 20,1777.
    - Even though Franklin didn’t appear to have any direct contact with the Chinese during this period (who were busy fending off the British Empire’s lusting dogs of the East India Company who were preparing a new phase of Asiatic expansion), Chinese thought did figure prominently in the thinking of Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine.
    - Franklin had published many writings on Confucius from 1737-1757, which shaped many points of wisdom in the Poor Richards Almanac^.
    - Writing to a friend in 1747, Franklin stated “Confucius was my example.
    - I followed Confucius”.
    - As Professor David Wang points out^, many of his insights into civil administration and law derived from his studies of China.
    - While there are many more chapters to this international story, the lesson I wanted readers to come away with is that America was both more than you thought it was and also less than it was meant to be.
    - According to the intentions of such renaissance men as Franklin, the American cause was never meant to be a “local issue” defined by 13 rebelling colonies, but rather a new age of reason for all mankind.
    - Kindred spirits across Europe watched in horror as the first European nation to attempt revolution led by Lafayette and other leaders of Franklin’s network (who made the American cause a success) was overthrown by a Jacobin "color revolution”^.
    - The noble origins of the June 20,1789 Tennis Court Oath which kick started the French Revolutior were soon lost as a bloodbath (directed by British assets from the Foreign Office) channelled the rage of France’s peasant population against ALL of the elite, corrupt and noble alike, proclaiming "the revolution has no need of scientists”.
    - The sound of the guillotine lopping off the heads of the great revolutionary astronomer/ mayor of Paris Jean-Sylvain Bailey and chemist Antoine Lavoisier still resonates as a shame of France.
    - Lafayette only saved his head long enough to end up in an Austrian dungeon for five years as punishment for fighting to overthrow hereditary systems and was immortalized in Beethoven’s only opera Fidelio in 1805.
    - The pro-humanist forces of Europe slowly came undone during the Napoleonic wars which culminated in the 1815 Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance which re-established “peace” by banning dangerous books, teaching, and art that might awaken revolutionary feelings in the minds and hearts of Europeans.
    - These Orwellian laws were outlined in the Carlsbad decrees of 1819 and ruined more than a few lives of great statesmen and teachers.
    - [See chapter 5 for this story in more detail].
    - During this time, the British Empire came out again as a force of evil preparing a new phase of its global conquest with a crushing of the Hydar Ali spirit in India and a new age of opium wars against China.
    - In spite of this growing darkness, great poets who dreamed of that better age of reason produced some of the greatest and under-appreciated poetry with Percy Shelley and John Keats leading that movement in Britain, Robert Burns in Scotland and such figures as Schubert, Heine, Schumann and Beethoven representing this spark in Vienna and Germany.
    - Palmerston-Mazzini’s “Young Europe” anarchist mobs were periodically deployed to disrupt constructive nationalist tendencies throughout this period- laying the groundwork for “color revolutions” of the 20-21 st centuries.
    - Beethoven’s 1824 Ninth Symphony setting Schiller’s great poem an “Ode to Joy” to music was a celebration of that dreamed-of age of brotherhood and creative reason which Franklin devoted his life to accomplishing and which today’s multipolar alliance has again awoken as a potential alternative to an age of darkness, war and collapse facing humanity in the 21 st century.
- Chapter 2 - Why Canada Failed the ‘Ben Franklin Challenge’ in 1776
  - Chapter Summary
    - Canada missed freedom: The clash of the two Americas is sharply revealed where the American experiment failed to take hold, and pre-revolutionary French Canada became a tragic example of that failure.
    - Canada missed repeated chances to break from hereditary imperial rule, first in the revolutionary era, later through the suppression of republican forces, and again in Confederation, when British strategy fixed the country inside the Empire instead of allowing it to become a genuine nation-state oriented to industrial growth and cooperation beyond imperial control.
    - Franklin built openings: Benjamin Franklin created early instruments of Canadian development through the first postal links and the first newspaper, and he used them to weaken feudal habits, illiteracy, and passive deference to authority.
    - His larger purpose was Promethean improvement in human affairs through science, education, infrastructure, industry, moral uplift, and productive credit, and he long treated Canada as a field where a broader anti-imperial republican order might be built before British aristocratic obstruction drove him fully to revolution.
    - Quebec Act blocked union: Franklin expected French Canada could become a vital ally because British abuses had created an opening, but the Quebec Act of 1774 pre-empted that possibility by pairing religious concessions with loyalty to the Crown and the denial of representative government.
    - Bishop Jean-Olivier Briand and the Jesuit clergy enforced submission as a religious and natural duty, while British and French collaborators obstructed Continental appeals and the feudal condition of the population limited their reach, though some still joined the revolutionary cause.
    - Sister colony offered: The Continental Congress and Franklin offered Quebec a place in common cause on the ground that the interests of Canada and the colonies were inseparable: British victory meant servile submission for both, while colonial success could extend shared blessings.
    - Canadians were promised the right to establish the government they judged best and to enter the Union as a sister colony under mild and equal laws, but smallpox in Montreal, demoralization, and the threat of British counterattack destroyed this last serious attempt in 1776.
    - Imperial sabotage persisted: After independence, loyalist and traitorous forces rebuilt English-speaking Canada as an imperial outpost and worked within the United States and France to corrupt or destroy the republican current.
    - This same subversion appeared in Canadas 1791 constitutional order, where Crown appointees, the Family Compact, and Lower Canadas feudal church elite kept real power from the people and preserved an un-American, underdeveloped, politically docile society until resistance revived in the movements of Mackenzie and Papineau and in the Rebellions of 1837-38.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Failure clarifies freedom: The history of the two Americas is best understood by examining where the American experiment failed to take hold and by judging why leaders and citizens elsewhere did not meet the challenge of breaking free from colonial systems of hereditary power that kept humanity confined within empire.
      - Pre-revolutionary French Canada stands as a tragic case for this inquiry, followed by the failure of leading French republicans to use the opening created by Benjamin Franklin, before the wider clashes between the two Americas reappear through the nineteenth century.
    - "They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety."
      - Benjamin Franklin
    - One most valuable method of appreciating the history of the “two Americas” involves examining where the American experiment failed to take hold and then evaluating the causes for the failure of leaders and citizens of other countries to take the challenge of breaking free of colonial systems of hereditary power that have kept humanity locked ir a cage of empire.
    - In this chapter, we will review the tragic case of pre-revolutionary French Canada before proceeding on to chapter three with an exploration of the failure of leading French republicans to harness the potential created by Benjamin Franklin.
    - We will then return to the clashes that occurred between the two Americas throughout the 19 th century.
  - The Tragic Case of Canada
    - Section Summary
      - Confederation as Wedge: Canadas founding on July 1, 1867 was designed by British geopoliticians to keep Canada locked into the British Empire as a wedge separating a potential U.S.Russia alliance that could have broken the imperial system.
      - In 18631867, pro-Lincoln statesmen influenced by Les Rouges in Quebec and Isaac Buchanan in Ontario lost their grip on power, and Canada thereby lost a vital chance to join a new world of win-win cooperation, rail development, and industrial growth outside imperial systems.
      - This failure in 1867 was the third time in ninety years that Canada missed its chance to break free of the Empire and become a genuine nation-state.
    - It may be a bit of a bitter pill to swallow for some, but as I outline in chapters 10 and 12 of this book, the original founding of Canada on July 1 st, 18 6 7 was designed by British Geopoliticians for the explicit purpose of keeping Canada locked into the British Empire as a wedge separating the potential U.
    - S./Russia alliance that had the power of breaking the system of empire forever.
    - During this 1863-1867 period, Canada’s pro-Lincoln statesmen under the influence of Les Rouges in Quebec and Isaac Buchanan in Ontario^ had lost their grip on power anc the nation lost a vital chance of becoming a participant in a new world of win cooperation, rail and industrial growth outside of systems of empire.
    - This failure of 1867 was not the first, but rather the third time in 90 years that Canada missed its chance to break free of the Empire and become a genuine nation state.
  - 1774 and the Ben Franklin Challenge
    - Section Summary
      - Franklin's Canadian Firsts: Canadas first postal service and first newspaper were both created by Benjamin Franklin, a fact that still shocks many Canadians and Americans.
    - Many Canadians (and Americans) find themselves shocked when confronted with the fact that Canada’s first postal service and first newspaper were both created by...
    - Benjamin Franklin!
  - Canada Post
    - Section Summary
      - Franklins northern network: Franklin established Halifax mail service in 1753 and extended communications to Quebec City and Montreal after the British conquest of Frances northern colony in 1763, while recruiting Fleury Mesplat to found Montreals Gazette as a cultural instrument against the feudal habits, illiteracy, and deference to authority that were said to leave Quebec colonists without an appetite for representative government or freedom.
      - Despite these milestones and Franklins active diplomacy to bring the Quebecois in as a fourteenth member of the united colonies, the effort failed through bribes, treason, and shortsighted leadership, and Quebec chose submission to the Crown over risking life for freedom.
    - Established in 175 3 in Halifax as part of Franklin’s overhaul in communications infrastructure in the Americas, mail services were extended to Quebec City and Montreal after the French were defeated in the Seven Years’ War in 1763 as France’s colony north of Vermont fell to the British.
    - Franklin had been made Post-Master General in 17 5 3 (the same year his famous kite experiment made him an international sensation).
    - Montreal’s Gazette (the first newspaper of the French colonies) was founded by a French republican named Fleury Mesplat recruited by Franklin in order to help counteract the destructive effects the French feudal system had on the cognitive powers of the Quebec colonists whose rampant illiteracy dovetailed their non-existent appetites for representative government or freedom.
    - In this feudal culture, blind obedience to authority (whether political or religious) was seen as preferable to thinking for oneself.
    - Although Franklin created these cultural milestones and was an active diplomat working to persuade the Quebecois of the importance of becoming a 14 th member of the united colonies, his mission failed due to a series of bribes, acts of treason and shortsighted thinking by men who should have known better.
    - Ultimately, the Quebecois chose submission to Crown rather than risking their lives for freedom.
    - Before we say how and why this happened, some additional words on Franklin are necessary.
  - Getting to know the Real Benjamin Franklin
    - Section Summary
      - Franklin was Promethean: Benjamin Franklin was not merely a tinkerer or speculator but a scientist, moral reformer, and statesman who sought indiscriminate improvement in human affairs.
      - Guided by Cotton Mathers Essays to Do Good, he promoted science, industry, infrastructure, education, and the arts across America and Britain, helped foster institutions from the first fire department and public library to the University of Pennsylvania, used Poor Richards Almanac for mass moral and intellectual uplift, studied Confucian principles, wrote satirical republican essays, opposed population control, and advanced a banking and colonial scrip policy tied to internal improvement rather than private financial power.
      - He also cultivated an international network of enlightened collaborators, following a design akin to Leibniz and drawing on Colbertist political economy that later influenced Hamilton and the American System.
      - Canada served reform: Franklin long believed the British Empire could be reformed into an anti-imperial republican power, and this conviction shaped his Canada pamphlets and his praise for Canadas conquest.
      - He judged Canada superior to Guadeloupe because its potential for growth and improvement was boundless and because America could become the broad foundation for the greatest political structure human wisdom could erect.
      - When the British aristocracy made reform impossible in the early 1770s, he turned fully to revolution and regarded French Canada as an important prospective ally, expecting support from a population suffering British abuses.
      - The Quebec Act of 1774 pre-empted that outcome by granting religious freedoms while demanding loyalty to the Crown and denying representative government, while the Jesuit clergy under Bishop Briand reinforced submission by threatening excommunication against anyone joining Washingtons rebellion.
    - Despite the widespread mythology that the father of the American Revolution, Dr. Benjamin Franklin was merely a womanizing tinkerer and land speculator, the reality, upon closer inspection, is quite different.
    - Having become recognized as a world’s leading scientist during the 1750 s for his discovery of the nature of electricity, Franklin became revered across Europe as the “Prometheus of America” (having stolen fire from Zeus to share with mankind, Prometheus was always seen as an anti-imperial figure by lovers of freedom since the time of Aeschylus).
    - Franklin polarized the elite of the European nobility and strove to infuse a spirit of creative seeking and self improvement wherever he went by promoting industry, infrastructure and science.
    - His approach to indiscriminate acts of improvement were highly motivated by his early studies of a 1710 book by his mentor Cotton Mather called “Essays to Do Good” which Franklin described as "an influence on my conduct through life; for I have always set a greater value on the character of a doer of good, than on any other kind of reputation; and ij I have been, as you seem to think, a useful citizen, the public owes the advantage of it to tha\ book.”
    - For many years, Franklin was not in favor of a full revolution, but believed that it were possible to reform the British Empire and return it back to its anti-imperial republican heritage as exhibited by the likes of Thomas More, Erasmus, and later Robert Harley under Queen Anne’s reign.
    - It must here be kept in mind that the British had only recently been hijacked by the Venetian Party faction during the Glorious Revolution of 1688^.
    - During Franklin’s lifetime, the republican spirit of Thomas More, Erasmus and Shakespeare was still very much alive and it was this Promethean Christian spirit that he felt could be kindled to transform the Empire from a Satanic Hellfire Club operation into something viable and in harmony with humanity’s well-being^.
    - This belief led Franklin to transform Britain itself through his creation of the British Lunar Society while acting representative to Britain in 175 7.
    - This group featured such scientists as Matthew Boulton, Josiah Wedgewood, James Watt, William Murdoch and Erasmus Darwin and uniquely drove the advancement of internal improvements (roads, canals, bridges, steam power, sewage etc), industrial growth and living standards in Britain^.
    - In the arts, Franklin’s close friend and fellow Pennsylvanian Benjamin West was sent to Italy and Britain where the great republican painter organized the creation of the Royal Academy of the Arts in the heart of the Empire in 1772 and remained its president unti; his death in 180.
    - In the 13 colonies of America, Franklin created the first fire department (1736), public library (1731), and founded the University of Pennsylvania.
    - As a leading printer and later post-master general, Franklin knew that the American population of the 1730 s die not yet have the moral or cognitive fortitude to induce a revolutionary positive change for the world and as such he created the influential Poor Richards Almanac which wrapped moral lessons and insights into poetry, science, astronomy and philosophy lessons with every single issue.
    - This popular journal probably did more than anything else as a form of mass cultural education which empowered Americans to eventually think on a level sufficient to understand why concepts like Freedom were worth dying for (taxation without representation was merely one of 27 points enumerated in the Declaration of Independence^).
    - In preparing the foundations for a reform of the world political-economic system, Franklin studied Chinese culture and strove to model western reforms on the best principles of Confucianism and the Chinese ethical constitution^.
    - Franklin applied the best techniques of satirist-republican Jonathan Swift and wrote countless hilarious essays under pen names like Silence Dogood, Martha Careful, Richard Saunders and Anthony Afterwit.
    - He also followed Swift’s lead as he argued against British population control in his 1751 Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind.
    - As early as 1729, Franklin codified a system of banking' tied not to the worship of money or markets but rather internal improvements which argued for the creation of colonial scrip (not controlled by private central bankers).
    - These insights would derive from his studies of Colbertist Dirigism and preceded the later work by his protege Alexander Hamilton who established the American system of Political economy in his 1790-91 reports 1^.
    - The great statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert whose dirigiste system of political economy inspired Franklin, Hamilton and other leading founding fathers drove France into the greatest period of progress in history and set the stage for France’s later supportive role in the American Revolution
    - Most importantly, Franklin worked to coordinate an international network of collaborators among the enlightened intelligentsias of Russia, France, Germany, Prussia, Spain, Italy and even India and Morocco!
    - In this way, the scientist/poet/statesman walked in the footsteps of the great Gottfried Leibniz who had attempted a similar grand design when Franklin was still a boy.^Sl
    - Back to Canada...
    - When he was still of the view that Britain could be reformed, Franklin wrote his famous Canada Pamphlets of 1760^ which made the case that even though monetarily speaking it was more profitable for Britain to take France’s possessions in Guadeloupe due to the high price of sugar and rum, it was infinitely preferable to take Canada instead where potential for growth and improvement was boundless.
    - Franklin was not naively ignorant of the vast corruption of London and the European imperial powers which hac vast possessions in the Americas, but always believed that a united colonial republican movement could become the spark plug for an international new renaissance movement forecasted by John Winthrop’s City on a Hill vision of 1630^.
    - This was the belief that underlay Franklin’s 1769 message to Lord Kames which has confused so many modern scholars as Franklin says:
    - "No one can more sincerely rejoice than I do, on the reduction of Canada and this not merely as I am a Briton.
    - I have long been of opinion that the foundations to the future grandeur anc stability of the British Empire lie in America; And though like other foundations they are lov and little now, they are nevertheless broad and strong enough to support the greatest political structure that human wisdom ever erected."^
    - When it became clear that the British aristocracy was intent on crushing Franklin’s dreams of emancipation by the early 1770 s, Franklin began devoting all of his energy towards a full revolution from the “mother country” and French Canada was always a high prize.
    - Since British abuses of the French population ran rampant, and sympathy for the republican cause was widespread among Quebec subjects (though not the feuda elite), Franklin and others believed that Quebec’s eventual participation would not be a difficult affair.
    - By 1774, the British Empire pre-empted the inevitable participation by passing the Que bee Act giving an unprecedented array of religious freedoms to Quebec’s population which were always fearful of losing their Catholic traditions.
    - These freedoms came, however, at the cost of unquestioned loyalty to the Crown, and to accept never having representative government (only Crown appointees).
    - The Jesuit-run clergy elite were overjoyed to keep their hold on the population, tithes and still enjoy revenue of the human cows on their lands.
    - As an additional insurance, the Church under the control of Bishop Briand ensured that any subject who joined Washington’s rebellion would be excommunicated on the spot and thus burn in hellfire for eternity!
  - Bishop Jean-Olivier Briand of Quebec
    - Section Summary
      - Briand enforced submission: Bishop Jean-Olivier Briand ordered all parishes to accept the reign of King George and declared obedience to the British monarch a duty grounded in natural law and divine decree.
      - This submission is tied to the Quebec Acts expansion of Crown-controlled lands into the Ohio River region, which is presented as a dangerous encirclement of the 13 colonies and a means of confining them to the Atlantic Coast in order to frustrate the Continental project.
      - When the Continental Congress appealed to the inhabitants of Quebec on October 26, 1774 to join independence, form local assemblies, and send delegates to Philadelphia, British and French collaborators largely blocked the letters, and widespread illiteracy among the feudal population further limited their effect; even so, several hundred joined the revolutionary cause under Clement Gosselin despite the threat of perpetual hellfire.
    - Ordering all parishes to accept the reign of King George, Bishop Briand stated:
    - "The God of armies... who extends or restricts at his pleasure the boundaries of empires, having by his eternal decrees put us under the domination of his Britannic Majesty, it is our duty, based on natural law, to be interested in all that concerns him.
    - We order you to submit to the king and to all those who share his authority.”
    - A particularly dangerous part of the Quebec Act was the extension of Quebec’s Crown-controlled lands down into the Ohio River fully encircling the 13 colonies and making them subject to non-linear attacks by Jesuit-run natives.
    - While the native population was highly wronged by all sides at different times during this conflict, the British and Jesuit collaborators used the most refined techniques of manipulation and have to the present day.
    - The caging of the colonies onto the Atlantic Coast was a far-sighted maneuver to subvert the mandate of the “Continental” Congress whose name implied its larger goal.
    - On October 26,1774 a Letter to the Inhabitants of Quebec^ was sent from the Continental Congress extolling the population to join in the declaration of independence and unite with the 13 colonies.
    - While the whole letter should be read in full, it ended with this call:
    - “We only invite you to consult your own glory and welfare, and not to suffer yourselves to be inveigled or intimidated by infamous ministers so far as to become the instruments of their cruelty and despotism, but to unite with us in one social compact, formed on the generous principles of equal liberty and cemented by such an exchange of beneficial and endearing offices as to render it perpetual.
    - In order to complete this highly desirable union, we submit it to your consideration whether it may not be expedient for you to meet together in your several towns and districts and elect Deputies, who afterwards meeting in a provincial Congress, may chose Delegates to represent your province in the continental Congress to be held at Philadelphia on the tenth day of May, 1775."
    - The British and their French collaborators ensured that hardly any of these letters would be permitted into Quebec, and sadly for the hundreds that did arrive, the rate of illiteracy among the feudal population made it nearly impossible for most to read or understand it.
    - Despite this problem, several hundred did risk perpetual hellfire and joined the revolutionary cause under the leadership of Clement Gosselin^ (later known as Washington’s French-Canadian Spy).
  - The Last Attempt: Franklin in Canada
    - Section Summary
      - Union on offer: Franklins 1776 mission to Montreal made the last effort to bring Quebec into common cause by insisting that Canadas interest and the colonies interest were inseparably united: British victory would reduce both to servile submission, while colonial success could extend shared blessings if Canada chose to join.
      - Congress coupled this appeal to mutual security with a promise that Canadians could establish the form of government they judged most conducive to their happiness and enter the Union as a sister colony under the same mild and equal laws, with only agreeable local differences.
      - The effort failed because a severe smallpox outbreak among American soldiers in Montreal, widespread demoralization, and news of an impending British counterattack ended the mission and sent Franklin back empty-handed.
    - The last effort to convince Quebec to join came a year later, as a delegation led by an aging Ben Franklin made their way to Montreal where they stayed for two weeks from April 29-May 6,1776.
    - The Continental Congress gave Franklin the following instructions:
    - “Inform them that in our Judgment their Interest and ours are inseparably united.
    - That it is impossible -we can be reduced to a servile Submission to Great Britain without their sharing in our Fate; and on the other Hand, if we obtain, as we doubt not we shall, a full Establishment of our Rights, it depends wholly on their Choice, whether they will participate with us in those Blessings, or still remain subject to every Act of Tyranny, which British Ministers shall please to exercise over them.
    - Urge all such Arguments as your Prudence shall suggest to enforce our Opinion concerning the mutual Interests of the two Countries and to convince them of the Impossibility of the War being concluded to the Disadvantage of the Colonies if we wisely and vigorously co-operate with each other.
    - “To convince them of the Uprightness of our Intentions towards them, you are to declare that it is our Inclination that the People of Canada may set up such a Form of Government, as will be most likely, in their Judgment, to produce their Happiness; and you are in the strongest Terms to assure them, that it is our earnest Desire to adopt them into our Union as a Sister Colony, and to secure the same general System of mild and equal Laws for them and for ourselves, with only such local Differences, as may be agreeable to each Colony respectively.”
    - A rampant smallpox outbreak among American soldiers in Montreal (via the British spread of germ-infested blankets), mass demoralization and news of an oncoming British counterattack to regain control of Montreal put an end to that effort and Franklin returned to America empty handed.
    - The rest they say is history.
  - How the International Revolution was Subverted
    - Section Summary
      - Imperial subversion: After the Revolutionary War, loyalist forces rebuilt English-speaking Canada while allied traitors within the United States outwardly posed as friends of the revolution but secretly served the City of London and hereditary power against the principles of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence.
      - They promoted a perverse manifest destiny that Franklin, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and Robert Morris opposed, advancing slavery, the destruction of native Americans, and the internal corruption of the republican cause.
      - Aaron Burr is presented as an early instrument of this current, killing Hamilton in 1804 and establishing the Bank of Manhattan as a Wall Street extension of London power, while the same imperial sabotage struck Franklins allies in France through the Jacobin terror and in Canada through the 1791 constitutional system, which left real authority in Crown appointees and fostered the Family Compact and Lower Canadas feudal church elite to keep the country un-American, underdeveloped, and politically docile until resistance emerged in the patriot movements of William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau, culminating in the Rebellions of 1837-38.
    - While the French feudal elite were soon joined by a new set of United Empire Loyalists who left America after the Revolutionary War to establish English-speaking Canada, some traitors remained behind in the United States where they passed themselves off outwardly as friends of the revolution but always maintained a secret allegiance to the City of London and the system of hereditary powers antagonistic to the Principles of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence.
    - These traitors fomented the growth of a perverse form of manifest destiny which abolitionists like Franklin, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Gouvernor Morris, Robert Morris, etc... fought tirelessly against throughout their lives.
    - These traitorous bigots made every effort to spread slavery, destroy native Americans, while subverting the true heritage of the republican cause from within.
    - One notable early representative of this group killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804 and set up the Bank of Manhattan establishing Wall Street as a City of London tentacle within America itself where this proto-deep state remained in power for the next 250 years.
    - Aaron Burr, founding father of Wall Street, kills Alexander Hamilton in 1804 In France, Ben Franklin’s allies led by Marquis Lafayette and Jean-Sylvain Bailey found their noble republican efforts of 1789-90 sabotaged by a color revolution in the form of the Bloody Jacobin terror coordinated by London’s Foreign Office [see Chapter 3], In Canada, the British Foreign Office instituted a form of government which gave some limited elected positions to the plebians in 1791 but ensured that all actual power remained firmly in the hands of appointees of the Crown.
    - During the post-1791 years, local oligarchies formed under the Family Compact of Upper Canada and the feudal elite of the Church in Lower Canada who collaborated closely in an unholy alliance.
    - Their efforts were always driven by the need to keep the nation “un-American” by ensuring that the lands remain under-developed, the economy remain cash cropping as “hewers of wood and drawers of water”, and the population docile, ignorant and malleable.
    - In spite of this perversion of history, growing poverty and injustices did induce a movement of resistance which began to take the form of republican "patriot movements” under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada and Louis-Joseph Papineau in Lower Canada- both of whom would come to a head in the Rebellions of 1837-38.
- Chapter 3 - Why France’s American Revolution Failed: The Jacobin Terror 1789-1794
  - Chapter Summary
    - Deliberate mob rule: Overthrow by violence-prone mobs is not spontaneous democratic awakening but an old engineered method that requires money, propaganda, and unscrupulous rhetoricians to turn popular rage against established government.
    - The usual story of the French Revolution is rejected as British mythmaking that obscures what actually occurred.
    - Constitutional promise broken: France stood as the indispensable European opening for ending hereditary empire after the success of the American Revolution, and it initially moved seriously toward constitutional government ordered to the common good.
    - French aid to America, the leadership of Lafayette and Bailly, the National Assembly, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, plans for a constitutional monarchy, citizen education, and the National Guard all marked a bloodless republican advance.
    - That possibility was shattered by economic decapitation, crushing debt, austerity, and free-trade arrangements with Britain that wrecked production and grain security, with Necker central to the breakdown, while famine, the 1788 hailstorm, and Britains refusal to sell grain back to starving France drove desperation that Jacobin agitation and Bastille violence exploited.
    - Terror betrayed liberty: The revolutionary process culminated not in freedom but in the Jacobin Terror, where repression, mass executions, factional slaughter, anti-scientific violence, and finally Napoleons hereditary empire destroyed the earlier constitutional alternative.
    - Pressure for a British-style constitution and the Orleans design for a "Jacobin King" helped clear the way for this outcome, while Robespierres claim that virtue must be led by terror, together with his assault on Christianity and Cult of the Supreme Being, showed a revolution severed from the general welfare.
    - Revolutions are judged by their causal principle and by their effect on the people, and political morality lies in advancing the general welfare, improving minds and lives, and refusing to pillage the many for the benefit of the few.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Mob violence engineered: Directing violence-prone mobs toward overthrowing governments is an old, deliberate technique that depends on money, propaganda, and skilled, morality-free rhetoricians to inflame popular rage against established political structures.
      - The common narrative of the French Revolution is presented as British mythmaking with little resemblance to what actually happened, in line with Pierre Beaudrys studies.
    - Long before the term "colour revolution” ever existed as part of our geopolitical lexicon, the technique of directing violence-prone mobs towards the overthrow of their governments had been honed over centuries.
    - Enflaming the rage of a mob and directing that rage towards the overthrow of established political structures only required money, propaganda and a few quality morality-free rhetoricians.
    - I was shocked to discover, upon reading the 2001-2002 studies published by historian Pierre Beaudry (Why France Did Not Have a French Revolution and Jean-Sylvain Bailly: The French Revolution’s Benjamin Franklin^), that the common narrative of the French Revolution is little more than British myth making that bears little to no resemblance tc reality as it happened.
  - The World in 1789
    - Section Summary
      - French hope advanced: The American Revolutions success made 1789 a ripe moment for ending hereditary empire, and France was understood to be the necessary entry point for that change in Europe.
      - French support for the American struggle, the leadership of figures such as Lafayette and Bailly, the creation of the National Assembly, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man all marked a serious move toward constitutional government ordered to the common good.
      - A constitutional monarchy, backed by citizen education and the National Guard, was being prepared in a spirit presented as compatible with republican values and initially achieved without bloodshed.
      - Economic ruin detonated: The revolution turned catastrophic because economic decapitation, unpayable debts, austerity, and free-trade arrangements with Britain shattered Frances productive life and grain security.
      - Necker is presented as a central agent in this breakdown, while famine, the 1788 hailstorm, and Britains refusal to sell grain back to starving France drove mass desperation.
      - In that crisis, Jacobin agitation, the Bastille violence, pressure to adopt a British-style constitution, and the Orleans scheme for a "Jacobin King" helped unleash forces that destroyed both the king and the earlier constitutional alternative.
      - Terror nullified revolution: By 1793 and 1794 the revolution had become the Terror, with mass executions, police-state repression, factional bloodletting, anti-scientific violence, and the eventual rise of Napoleon as hereditary emperor.
      - Robespierres doctrine that virtue must be led by terror, his assault on Christianity, and his Cult of the Supreme Being exemplified a revolution severed from the general welfare.
      - The lesson is that revolutions are judged not by their form or slogans but by their causal principle and their effect on the people: moral fitness lies in a governments commitment to the general welfare, the improvement of minds and lives, and refusal to pillage the many for the benefit of the few.
    - The period was a ripe one in human affairs.
    - The American Revolution’s success finalizec at the 1783 Treaty of Paris had sent shockwaves of hope throughout the world.
    - The idea that the long night of empire that had bled the Old World for eons could possibly end was electrifying.
    - It was generally understood by all that for the annihilation of the hereditary order to occur beyond the 13 colonies, it would have to enter Europe through France.
    - Although patriots from many nations across Europe assisted the Americans (including Russians, Germans, Polish and Irish) France had been the most supportive to the Ameri can Revolution’s struggle with thousands of French soldiers joining the fight under the Marquis Lafayette and vital financial, political and military aid provided throughout.
    - Leading French republican figures like the Marquis Lafayette, Jean Sylvain-Bailly were the greatest forces to make this move happen in Europe and they even had the support of a Monarch with republican sympathies who honestly believed the purpose of law and government was the common good.
    - Not an easy thing to come by in those days.
    - By July 20,1789 the first act of the revolution had occurred known as the Tennis Court Oath, led by Bailly, then Mayor of France and first president of a new organization called the National Assembly- the first representative institution in France’s history endowed with the authority co-equal to that of the king.
    - This assembly resolved to create a constitution that soon formulated a beautiful founding document known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man with a pre-amble lifted from the same fires that inspired 1776 saying:
    - “The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all.
    - Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen"
    - The Marquis of Lafayette became the head of the new National Guard and a program to educate the citizenry was begun.
    - A constitutional monarchy was being prepared that would introduce a system of values into a geopolitical meat grinder that was totally incompatible to any system built around a hereditary elite... and it was actually being done without bloodshed!
    - But something didn’t go as planned.
    - By 1793, Bailly and the majority of his closest allies had been decapitated by Jacobins.
    - Scientists like Antoine Lavoisier were included in the murders with the Jacobin motto shouting "the revolution needs no scientists” (science was elitist after all).
    - Lafayette chose to save his head by escaping on August 19,1792 becoming a prisoner in a Hapsburg dungeon for 4 years^.
    - The king Louis XVI- who was the great friend of the American cause and participant in the constitutional monarchy lost his head by January 1793-joined by his wife 9 months later.
    - By 1794, the revolution was only known as the “Terror” and earned that name as over 40,000 people were executed over a very short period.
    - France was bathed in blood while power alliances bounced back and forth between "left” wing Jacobins under the control of Maximilian Robespierre, Marat and Danton and opposing “right” wing Girondins and monarchists.
    - With each change in power, waves of executions struck all sides.
    - France became a police state with secret police embedded throughout breadlines and markets taking note of every criticism of the government, the price of bread and scowl, with the unsuspecting complainers carried off to prison at best, or the guillotine at worst.
    - Soon a total power vacuum caused a young republican general named Napoleon Buonaparte to take power and institute himself in most un-republican fashion as hereditary Emperor of France, unleashing a 15-year reign of war on Europe.
    - So how did it go so wrong?
    - The first clue here is to be found in the fact that the same Anglo-Swiss bankers that funded Napoleon’s wars were the very same bankers that caused the economic decapitation of France which transformed it into a bloody terror.
    - Just like the IMF and World Bank’s art of structural adjustments, and conditionality-based loans, Finance Minister Jacques Necker not only incurred a mass of unpayable debts from 1786-1789, but also imposed austerity which crippled the nation’s ability to heal.
    - Professor Beaudry wrote:
    - “France, in the 1 783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence, agreed to free-trade provisions demanded by Britain for its control of the Atlantic trade.
    - Then, in a separate 1 786 French-British treaty, France accepted suicidal, complete free-trade agreements which ruined the French economy overnight.
    - From 2% annual real physical growth in the late 1 770 s and early 1 780 s, France’s textile, shipping, and mining sectors, and its agriculture, fell into depression, with outright famines ensuing.
    - The royal budgets collapsed, and ir stepped the Swiss agent of Britain’s Lord Shelburne, the banker Jacques Necker, as French Finance Minister and First Minister."
    - Britain’s free trade agreement made France’s harboring of its grain in reserves “economically illegal” whereby Britain bought up all the French grain their population could eat and much more.
    - When a devastating hailstorm hit France in June 1788 destroying the majority of crops an ongoing famine ensured and France’s king begged Britain for the chance to buy back some grain to feed the starving masses, to which Britain held a meet ing and simply replied in the negative.
    - When French troops opened fire on the armed starving masses that had surrounded the fortress of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, all hell broke loose, and a genie was fully released that no one could ever put back into the bottle.
    - The fortress was stormed, its soldiers and governors decapitated, and the people began screaming for Necker and Orleans to become the saviors of France.
    - Jacobin press had been spreading this idea to the masses for some time.
    - The Freemasonic Duke who had been operating on a plan to become a "Jacobin King” had intended to bring the "British System” into France modelled on Britain’s balance of power of a House of Commons, House of Lords and Monarch.
    - However, he was still three places removed from the title of King of France (the King had a son), and thus the July 17,1789 assassination attempt of the King was made which saw a high calibre sharp shooter take aim at the King’s coach over the Louis XV Bridge, just missing the king and killing a woman next to the coach.
    - On June 23,1789, a desperate Necker gave a message to the King saying “Sire, what you must now do is to accede to the reasonable wishes of France and resign yourself to adopt the British constitution."
    - Necker’s daughter Madame de Stael who recorded this message^ made the point that Necker’s offer was the same that was adopted when France again became a monarchy in 1814 which coincided with the restoration of the Monarchies and the Congress of Vienna.
    - The King would survive another two and a half years, but by that time, Egalite’s luck hac run out as the monster he unleashed consumed him too as he found his head in a guillo tine on November 6,1793.
    - The remaining years of the revolution were characterized by wars abroad, and chaos within.
    - The inflammatory pens of hundreds of Anglo-Swiss radical writers maintained by Jeremy Bentham were brought in becoming the voices of rage that would steer the Jacobin terror.
    - Soon waves of beheadings became a normal part of life under the tyrannical authority of Maximillian Robespierre whose "profound” philosophical contribution to the revolution was that all revolutionary citizens must have virtue, but that virtue must be led by terror.
    - His bloodlust only increased leading to his conclusion that the real cause of the injustices of France was Christianity itself, leading to his creation of a new religion of perverted reason called "the Cult of the Supreme Being” and the complete overhaul of the calendar system using a decimal system.
    - “The French Revolutionary Calendar” used 10 days/week and based itself on the seasons.
    - The hope was that the population would soon lose all sense of the existence of Sunday and be cleansed of the parasite of superstition.
    - Even Robespierre’s closest supporters thought he went too far with this one, and he soon found himself in a guillotine.
    - At the end of the day, neither the Shelburn-Orleans plan for a Jacobin King nor the Bailly-Lafayette plan for a Constitutional Monarchy panned out.
    - A poor shadow of a republic came into being momentarily ending the age of monarchs, but through the trauma of purgative bloodshed which killed all possible leaders.
    - Gaspard Monge, then constructing the important Ecole Polytechnique which played a key role in producing layers of scientific cadres and soldiers so necessary to keep France alive amidst the year of war that followed commented on the situation saying "it is better to have republicans without a republic than a republic without republicans."
    - So what is the lesson to be learned?
    - A revolution isn’t a good or a bad thing.
    - It is given its value based upon the effect it has on the people and the causal principle from which it originates.
    - Contrary to popular opinion, revolutions are never spontaneous, and always occur with catalyzers drawing upon core principles of human nature and historical forces.
    - The FORM a government takes after a revolution is of less consequence than many today believe.
    - If a revolution for democracy occurs anywhere in the world, what does it matter if there is a hereditary elite managing the system from above?
    - Does that make a revolution for socialism better?
    - Not if the leadership of the socialist revolution doesn’t really care about the good of the people.
    - Whatever the form of government, the qualification for moral fitness is based upon its commitment to the General Welfare of all of its people, and its neighbours!
    - Is it committed to a political-economic-cultural program founded upon the constant improvement of the minds, spirits and lives of all, or is it wired to pillage from the masses for the benefit of a few?
- Chapter 4 - The 1815 Congress of Vienna and Lafayette’s 2 nd Chance to Lead a Republican Transformation of France
  - Chapter Summary
    - Vienna sanctified reaction: The 1815 Congress of Vienna is treated by admirers such as Kissinger as a model restoration of order after the upheavals unleashed by the American and French Revolutions and the Napoleonic wars, chiefly through the statecraft of Castlereagh and Metternich.
    - Yet that celebrated peace rested on restoring monarchical France and constructing a European system designed to suppress the republican principle rather than reconcile it with legitimate order.
    - Freedom was strangled: The post-Vienna settlement imposed a political and cultural dictatorship across Europe, above all through the Carlsbad Decrees, which placed universities, books, and newspapers under inquisitorial supervision, punished republican thought, and drove dissidents into exile.
    - Because the reactionary powers traced revolutionary principles to North America, they concluded that America and the ideas associated with it also had to be undermined, but this suffocation of freedom and creativity generated the very backlash it sought to prevent.
    - Lafayette nearly led: That backlash converged on Lafayette, who from 1824 to 1830 organized an international effort against the Congress of Vienna and the Holy Alliance, cultivated American support through his tour, and prepared a new republican breakthrough in France that was meant to radiate outward into Poland, Germany, Spain, and beyond.
    - With help from sympathetic Americans in France, the July 1830 upheaval offered him a second chance to correct the Jacobin disaster and place France on a republican course capable of transforming Europe.
    - Monarchy spoiled victory: Lafayette failed at the decisive moment because he would not break fully with the hereditary principle, choosing a so-called republican monarchy under Louis Philippe instead of accepting the presidency demanded by the Paris crowds.
    - That compromise quickly destroyed the opening for republican transformation, preserved monarchism under new forms including neo-Jacobin manipulation, and opened the way for broader subversion through Mazzinis Young movements, transcendentalist currents hostile to the Constitution, clerical and Jesuit penetration tied to the Holy Alliance, and Confederate and KKK networks that worked to overturn the American republican tradition from within.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Vienna restored order: Henry Kissingers 1957 A World Restored is presented as a master key to the broader historical forces that shaped his outlook, with the 1815 Congress of Vienna standing as the greatest lesson for statesmen because Europes elite used it to restore order after the chaos set loose by the 1776 American Revolution, carried into France in 1789, intensified by the Jacobin terror, and extended through two decades of Napoleonic wars.
      - Kissinger especially admires Lord Robert Castlereagh and Prince Clemens von Metternich for leading this restructuring of political order after Napoleons defeat, a settlement credited with preserving peace in Europe for nearly a century.
    - Although too often overlooked, Henry Kissinger’s first published work in 19 5 7 A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822, offers us the greatest insight into the broader historical forces which young Kissinger understood and which won him entry into the most trusted inner echelons of the oligarchy.
    - It also offers us a sort of master key into unravelling some major historical paradoxes that will assist us in making great sense out of our present age plagued by color revolution and war.
    - In this book, Kissinger identifies the 1815 Congress of Vienna as the greatest lesson for statesmen of all ages.
    - Why does the elder geopolitician find so much value in this moment in history?
    - That is because it entailed the restoration of order by the European elite after a process of chaos unleashed by the 1776 revolution in America spread to France by 1789 becoming the bloody Jacobin terror followed by two decades of Napoleonic Wars.
    - In his thesis, Kissinger writes fondly of Britain’s Lord Robert Castlereagh and Austria’s Prince Clemens von Metternich- both of whom led in the most brilliant restructuring oi political structures in the wake of Napoleon’s defeat which supposedly brought peace tc Europe for nearly 100 years.
  - The Congress of Vienna and the Roots of Color Revolutions
    - Section Summary
      - Congress forged repression: The Congress of Viennas celebrated restoration of order rested on suppressing freedom, creativity, and republican life across Europe through a political and cultural dictatorship.
      - Under Metternich and Castlereagh, the settlements restored monarchical France, established the Holy Alliance under Metternichs control, and, above all, imposed the Carlsbad Decrees as the chief weapon for eradicating revolutionary ideas.
      - These decrees placed loyal inquisitors in universities with power to dismiss professors and expel students for republican views, barred the punished from study or work anywhere else in Europe, drove a wave of republican immigrants to America, and subjected newspapers and books to official censorship that silenced major writers.
      - Since leading reactionaries traced the source of these principles to North America, they concluded that America and the ideas associated with it had to be destroyed from within as well; yet this suffocation of freedom and creativity predictably provoked a backlash.
    - When one looks closely at the Congress of Vienna, the “restoration of order” valued by Kissinger was premised upon the attempted killing of creativity and love of freedom by imposing a political, cultural dictatorship on the bodies, minds and souls of all of Europe.
    - How was this done?
    - After several months of booze-soaked orgies^ which saw representatives, emperor, prince and minister of every government of Europe debauch themselves in spy-infested salons and parties under the guidance of Prince von Metternich and Lord Castlereagh, several treaties resulted.
    - 1.
    - The restoration of monarchical France.
    - 2.
    - The creation of the Holy Alliance under the control of Metternich which comprised an alliance of Austria, Prussia, Russia and for a time Britain and France.
    - 3.
    - The Carlsbad Decrees that featured a comprehensive cultural dictatorship which was considered the most important weapon against "revolutionary” ideas that needed to be wiped off the face of the earth.
    - The Carlsbad Decrees imposed a strict dictatorship over thoughts themselves whereby inquisitors loyal to the Holy Alliance were placed in every university with absolute power to fire professors and expel students who were accused of republican ideals.
    - Anyone who was expelled or fired from a university was prevented from working or studying in any other university in Europe which is why America saw a surge of republican immigrants during this period.
    - All newspapers had to submit their works to official censors who edited all papers until they were deemed acceptable to the elite and all books were subject to censors with thousands of poets and philosophers deemed unprintable.
    - Anyone seeking to read the writings of Friedrich Schiller, Thomas Paine, or Benjamin Franklin would be out of luck.
    - Metternich’s leading advisor (and enemy of Friedrich Schiller at Jena University) Friedrich von Schlegel stated that "the true nursery of all these destructive principles, the revolutionary school, for France and the rest of Europe, has been North American.
    - Thence the evil has spread over many other lands, either by natural contagion, or by arbitrary communication."
    - Thus for the destructive principles of republicanism to become undone, America itself would have to be destroyed from within as would the ideas which inspired it everywhere they arose.
    - Of course, the suffocation of the natural sentiments for freedom and creativity resulted in a backlash which should have been expected by Metternich and his ilk.
  - Lafayette’s 2 nd Chance
    - Section Summary
      - Lafayette poised again: By 1830, backlash against the post-Vienna order gathered around the aging Marquis Lafayette, who had risen as a leading figure in the American Revolution at 19, nearly became President of France at 32, and then endured imprisonment in a Hapsburg dungeon after the French Revolution was hijacked and turned into a British Foreign Office color revolution.
      - From 1824 to 1830, as head of the European branch of the Society of the Cincinnati, he organized an international counterrevolution against the Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance, including a prolonged American tour to support John Quincy Adams and build backing for a new European revolution to begin in France in 1830.
      - The design was to use revolt against the new king to place Lafayette in control as President of France, correct the Jacobin bloodbath of 1789-94, and then trigger republican independence movements in Poland, Germany, Spain, and beyond, with American figures in France from 1828 to 1830 such as James Fenimore Cooper, Samuel B. Morse, Edgar Poe, General Sylvanus Thayer, and Washington Irving working closely to advance the cause.
    - By 1830, this backlash manifested itself around the person of the aging revolutionary the Marquis Lafayette, who at 19, became a leading figure in the American revolution, and at 3 2 nearly became President of France, though ultimately lived through much of the French Revolution in a Hapsburg dungeon as an enemy of the oligarchy after the revolution was hijacked and converted into a color revolution by the British Foreign Office.
    - From 1824-1830, Lafayette, operating as head of the European branch of the Society of the Cincinnati^, was organizing an international counter revolution to the Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance.
    - Much of his organizing for this little-known historical movement entailed a months long sojourn to America where the war hero campaigned for the presidency of John Quincy Adams (who narrowly defeated the Wall Street candi dates of his day in 1824), and organized American support for a new European revolution that was to begin in France in 1830.
    - The plan was simple: The French population was ready to revolt against the abuses of the new king and Lafayette was positioned to take control.
    - Once he was declared the President of France and the errors of the Jacobin bloodbath of 1789-94 were corrected, then republican movements were ready to declare independence in Poland, followed by movements in Germany, Spain and beyond.
    - But it had to first work in France.
    - From 1828-1830, some of the greatest intellects of America found themselves in France working to advance this cause.
    - Some of the most notable figures working closely with Lafayette were James Fenimore Cooper, American inventor, artist and spy Samuel B. Morse, Edgar Poe, West Point leader General Sylvanus Thayer, and America’s ambassador to Spain Washington Irving.
  - Lafayette’s Failure to Break with the Hereditary Principle
    - Section Summary
      - Hereditary trap: France remained divided between the hereditary principle and the revolutionary principle, a conflict between two Frances that rendered every government impotent unless decisively settled.
      - In July 1830, when crowds in Paris called on Lafayette to declare himself president of the republic, he failed to seize the republican opening and instead accepted the Duke of Orleanss promise of a republican monarchy, appearing beside him and embracing him before the people as Louis Philippe became king.
      - Monarchy restored: Lafayette openly affirmed his republican convictions and praised the Constitution of the United States, yet he concluded that France needed a popular monarchy surrounded by republican institutions rather than a republic itself.
      - That choice quickly collapsed: he was dismissed from the National Guard, France withheld support from the Polish republican movement, Louis Philippe aligned France deeply with Britain and expanded colonial policy, and the king became the same kind of tyrant the Revolution of 1789 had sought to end.
      - Afterward, monarchism was preserved through neo-Jacobinism, which redirected popular rage through anarchism against the establishment while leaving that establishment intact, a method later associated with Lord Palmerstons Young Europe operations and identified here as the precursor of todays color revolutions.
    - Professor Pierre Beaudry in his ground breaking study Lafayette and the Hereditary Principle (2008)^ quotes France’s great Foreign Minister and historian Gabriel Hano-tauxwho described the paradox of France of 1798 and 1830:
    - "The question is always the fight between the two principles: the hereditary principle and the revolutionary principle.
    - It is the dispute of the two Frances, the quarrel of the two flags which lingers on, and which renders impotent all government system, unless it is stopped once and for all.”
    - When the time came for Lafayette to declare himself President of the French republic on July 31,1830, thousands of Parisian citizens shouted his name in front of City Hall after days of rioting.
    - However, at the last minute, Lafayette failed to capture the moment and gave into the false promises of Philippe Egalite’s son (the Duke of Orleans) who agreed to become a “republican King of France” and make Lafayette the head of the National Guard and defender of the people.
    - Waiting until the last minute, Lafayette decided tragically to go to the balcony with Louis Philippe at his side.
    - In front of thousands of onlookers, Lafayette ignored the popular calls to become president and instead embraced the monarch and within minutes France had a new king under Louis Philippe I.
    - Gabriel Hanotaux reported on the dialogue between Lafayette and the soon-to-be monarch moments before the embrace:
    - "You know," Lafayette said to him, “that I am a republican and that I consider the Constitution of the United States as the most perfect that ever existed."
      - "I think as you do," replied the Duke of Orleans, "It is impossible to have lived two years in the United States and not be of that opinion; but, do you believe that, in the situation that France is in, and following public opinion, it would be right to adopt it?"
      - “No," replied Lafayette, “what the French people need today, is a popular monarchy, surrounded by republican institutions, completely republican."
      - That is precisely what I intend to do," said the prince."
    - Within months, the Marquis Lafayette had been fired from his position as head of the National Guard.
    - The republican movement of Poland was annihilated as none of the support needed to advance their revolution was given by a monarchist France and the surviving revolutionaries made their way to France after the failed October uprising to find temporary protection under Lafayette was horrified as he watched the new king enmesh France into a deep alliance with Britain while expanding its colonial policy abroad.
    - Lafayette died in 1834 after watching King Louis Philippe turn on the people and become the same tyrant which the revolution of 1789 sought to end.
    - In spite of his death, the fervor for freedom from monarchism couldn’t be stifled directly.
    - Instead, a technique was honed called neo-Jacobinism which used anarchism to direct the rage of the masses towards breaking all structures identified as “the establishment” while in reality keeping said establishment in place.
    - Today’s color revolutions are merely 21 st century versions of this 19 th century technique.
    - Lord Palmerston who ran Britain’s Foreign Office and worked closely with the Holy Alliance, usedavast array of assets throughout the 1830 s, 1840 s and 1850 s to direct the polarized energy of disenfranchised youth towards the greatest degrees of chaos possible under the heading of the Young Europe Movement.
  - Jesuits, Confederates and Transcendentalists Undermine America
    - Section Summary
      - Coordinated subversion: Giuseppe Mazzini, working with Italian Grand Master Freemasons, created a network of Young movements across Europe and beyond, including Young Italy, Young Germany, Young Russia, Young Bosnia, Young Ireland, and a Young America movement in the United States.
      - In America, Ralph Waldo Emerson, presented as operating under Thomas Carlyles direction, guided Young America through the New England Transcendentalists, which Edgar Poe fiercely opposed.
      - This northern transcendentalist current promoted a self-centered mysticism held to be hostile to the Constitution, while Samuel Morse identified Prince Metternichs Holy Alliance and its use of Jesuits and priests throughout the Americas as a political and military-style apparatus to reverse the American Revolution.
      - Alongside this ideological and clerical penetration, Mazzini is said to have directed Confederate general Albert Pike, who, with Jefferson Davis, advanced the southern secession movement, while Pikes revamping of the Scottish Rite and creation of the KKK further undermined Americas constitutional traditions from within.
    - Working closely with Italian Grand Master Freemason Giuseppe Mazzini, Young Italy, Young Germany, Young Russia, Young Bosnia, Young Ireland movements were created.
    - A Young America Movement grew in the United States under the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson (himself under the direction of British Intelligence’s Thomas Carlyle) and the new movement of New England Transcendentalists which Edgar Poe fought against tooth and nail.
    - Throughout this process, the inventor Samuel Morse wrote an invaluable book entitled Foreign Conspiracies Against the Liberties of the United States (1841)^ by describing Prince Metternich’s Holy Alliance and it’s deployment of Jesuits throughout the Americas to undo the American revolution when he said “the latter come from the same quarter, in the shape of hundreds of Jesuits and priests; a class of men notorious for their intrigue and political arts, and who have a complete military organization through the United States."
    - While the Young America Transcendentalists in the north grew in influence promoting a new self-centered mysticism antagonistic to the principles of America’s constitution, Jesuit infiltration spread throughout all layers of influence in the Americas.
    - A third branch of warfare was deployed as Giuseppe Mazzini coordinated a Confederate general by the name of Albert Pike^ who was to go on to lead the southern session movement alongside British Foreign Office asset Jefferson Davis which nearly put an end to the American experiment in 1861.
    - Under Mazzini’s direction, Pike revamped the Scottish Rite and created the KKK, both of which were instrumental in undermining America’s constitutional traditions from within.
- Chapter 5 - History as Warfare: The ‘1619 Project’ and the Plot to Destroy the Republic
  - Chapter Summary
    - History divides America: The fight over American history continues the republics oldest philosophical conflict and has become a struggle over the nations soul.
    - One side seeks to recover a patriotic account of the United States as a good thing in world history, while the 1619 Project applies a method that reduces Americas whole experience to evil.
    - Patriotic history becomes inadequate when it glosses over glaring hypocrisies, but the opposite fraudulently smears the republic as nothing but a slave-promoting deception and thereby prepares minds to treat its dissolution as no great loss.
    - 1619 claim collapses: The proposition that the American Revolution was fought to protect slavery from an abolitionist Britain is rejected by the early record of the states and the colonies.
    - By 1784 six states had voted to abolish slavery, every other state had banned further slave importation by 1793, the Northwest Ordinance barred slavery from the Northwest Territories in 1787, and the 1774 Continental Congress had already committed the colonies to discontinue the slave trade.
    - These measures mark an antislavery trajectory that cannot be squared with the claim that the republic was founded simply to defend slavery.
    - Britain enforced slavery: British imperial policy did not threaten slavery in the colonies but repeatedly blocked colonial efforts to restrain or end it, while the Royal Africa Company, Privy Council, and Board of Trade drove the mass importation of African slaves.
    - The same imperial system also obstructed colonial manufacturing, which was understood as the practical route away from dependence on slave labor.
    - Britains later abolitionist posture does not erase the fact that it banned the slave trade only in 1807 and slavery in its colonies only in 1833, after long sustaining wider systems of subjugation and exploitation.
    - Value comes from creation: The deeper issue is monetary and moral, because the conflict turns on opposed conceptions of value and statecraft.
    - Franklin located value in the human power to create what meets human needs, not in mere possession, consumption, or profit, and therefore joined sovereign currency, manufacturing, internal improvements, and antislavery in one national cause.
    - Slave labor produces anti-value: it appears profitable while destroying a societys productive powers and degrading both the enslaved and the master.
    - Nation or empire: This creative principle shaped Franklins antislavery work and the Hamiltonian American System of national banking, productive credit, protective tariffs, and large-scale manufacturing, while Jeffersonian agrarianism and later free-trade policies strengthened the slave power.
    - After Hamiltons death and the destruction of national credit institutions, monetarism, speculation, weak infrastructure investment, and states-rights fragmentation spread.
    - Jacksons attack on the Second National Bank, removal of the Cherokee, and opening of new cotton lands advanced a slave system tied to the City of London, Wall Street, and New Orleans, even as Douglass defended the Constitution, the Union, and Lincoln against both slaveholders and disunionist abolitionists.
    - Empire backed secession: The slave economy belonged to a wider British imperial design built on destroying rival industry, imposing free trade, and organizing global dependence through textiles, cash crops, speculation, and narcotics.
    - Southern cotton fit this system as a raw-material appendage to British manufacture, and Britain therefore treated the agrarian South as its natural ally against the industrializing North.
    - Its backing of the Confederacy with ships, arms, finance, diplomacy, and intelligence expressed the same longstanding imperial pattern that had earlier linked slavery, colonial subordination, and hostility to American self-government.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - History as battleground: A major cultural fight pits two opposing philosophical schools against each other, continuing a conflict present since the republics birth in 1776.
      - The 1776 Commission tried to restore a lost practice of teaching American history as though the United States were a good thing in world history, while the 1619 Project applied a method that saw only evil in Americas 250-year experience.
      - The commissions patriotic history was naive because it glossed over glaring hypocrisies and grouped Hamilton, Jackson, Jefferson, and Lincoln together, keeping too much bathwater along with the baby.
      - Even so, this struggle remains an important battle over the soul of America as the country sits precariously upon a new civil war and economic disintegration.
    - “Repression is the only lasting philosophy.
    - The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof shuts out the sky."
      - Marquis St. Evremonde (from Dickens’ Tale of Two Cities)
    - A major cultural fight has broken out between two opposing philosophical schools which have been at war with each other since the earliest days of the US republic’s birth in 1776.
    - On the one hand Donald Trump's now disbanded 1 776 Commission had attempted to revive a lost practice of teaching American history as though the United States were a good thing in world history, while on the other hand the New York Times’ 1619 Project invoked a method that saw only evil in America’s 250-year experience.
    - While the former president’s commission was designed to “promote patriotic history”, it naively painted over some glaring hypocrisies of American history by placing figures like Hamilton, Jackson, Jefferson and Lincoln in the same boat (thus keeping a bit too much bathwater along with the baby).
    - Despite this fact, it did represent an important cultural battle over the soul of America which is now sitting precariously upon a new civil war, and economic disintegration.
  - What is the 1619 Project?
    - Section Summary
      - America Smeared Evil: The 1619 Project is presented as a fraudulent effort, unveiled by Nikole Hannah-Jones in June 2019, to depict all of American history as a one-dimensional slave-promoting fraud beginning with the arrival of the first slave in Jamestown in 1619.
      - Despite what are described as proven fallacies and a secretive cover-up, it rapidly won support from thousands of academics, and Hannah-Joness Pulitzer Prize is said to have legitimized the fraud for school administrators, policy-makers, and academics.
      - Once turned into a Pulitzer-backed curriculum and embedded in 4,500 U.S. schools, its claims imply that the republic was founded to defend slavery, that the British Empire stood as an anti-slavery force, and that America was therefore always evil, making its dissolution appear no great loss.
    - The New York Times’ 1619 Project which was unveiled in June 2019 by Nikole Hannah-Jones and attempts to smear the entirety of American history as one-dimensional a slave-promoting fraud from the moment the first slave arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
    - During its short existence, this “project” has quickly won over thousands of academics, and in spite of its proven fallacies (which it had to secretly cover up in Orwellian fashion^), Jones was still awarded the Pulitzer Prize legitimizing the fraud in the minds of countless school administrators, policy-makers and academics.
    - If one truly accepts the claims of the 1619 Project which have become turned into a Pulitzer curriculum and already embedded in 4500 U.
    - S. schools, then America’s dissolution would be no great loss to the world.
    - In fact, one would have to conclude that since the republic was always built upon the defense of slavery (going so far as to paint the British Empire as an anti-slavery bastion which the founding fathers broke away from only due to their fear of having their slaves removed), then America was always... evil.
  - The First Paradox
    - Section Summary
      - Early antislavery measures: The claim that the American republic was created simply to protect slavery from allegedly abolition-loving Britain collapses against the record of the new states.
      - By 1784, six states had voted to abolish slavery entirely, every other state had banned the importation of new slaves by 1793, and the 1787 Northwest Ordinances barred slavery from the Northwest Territories.
      - This course had already been marked in the 1774 Continental Congress, when all colonies signed a non-importation act declaring that they would neither import nor purchase slaves after the stated date and would wholly discontinue the slave trade.
    - If it were true that the creation of the American republic was simply driven by a desire to protect the institution of slavery from the abolition-loving British then it should be asked: why did every American state shut down the African slave trade by 1793??”
    - Don’t believe me?
    - Let the facts speak for themselves.
    - By 1784, six states in the new nation had voted to totally abolish slavery (Rhode Island in 1774, Vermont in 1777, Pennsylvania in 1780, Massachusetts in 1781, New Hampshire in 1783 and Connecticut in 1784), while the importation of all new slaves was banned by every other state by 1793.
    - The important Northwest Ordinances passed in the 1787 Continental Congress ensured that no slavery would be permitted in the immense North West Territories (giving rise to the later addition of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin as free states).
    - This agreement was established during the 1774 Continental Congress where a non-importation act was signed by all colonies stating:
    - “That we will neither import, nor purchase any slave imported, after the first day of December next; after which time, we will wholly discontinue the slave trade, and will neither be concerned in it ourselves, nor will we hire our vessels, nor sell our commodities or manufactures to those who are concerned in it."
  - Another Paradox
    - Section Summary
      - British policy favored slavery: Britain did not threaten slavery in the colonies but overrode repeated colonial petitions from 1650 to 1765 seeking its end, while the Royal Africa Company, Privy Council, and Board of Trade enforced the mass importation of millions of African slaves into the Americas.
      - These same imperial bodies also obstructed colonial manufacturing from 1630 to 1765, blocking what was understood as the only effective route away from dependence on slave labor.
      - On this basis, the claim that the Revolution was fought to protect slavery from a freedom-loving British Empire is rejected as paradoxical, since Britain did not ban the slave trade until 1807 or extend the ban across its colonies until 1833, while continuing broader systems of subjugation, famine, and exploitation elsewhere; the unresolved question becomes why Americas earlier anti-slave trajectory collapsed after the Revolution and how that degeneration culminated in Civil War.
    - If Britain was threatening to end the slave trade as the 1619 Project authors teach, then why did the Empire override dozens of petitions from the colonies between 1650-1765 demanding an end to slavery?
    - Rather than oppose slavery, the British Royal Africa Company, under the direction of the Privy Council, and Board of Trade enforced the mass im portant of 8 million African slaves into the Americas during the 18 th century alone!
    - These same organizations constantly strove to destroy all efforts to establish manufacturing within the colonies from 1630-1765 which everyone knew was the only effective pathway to liberating a society from reliance on slave labor.^
    - Additionally, IF it were true that the 1776 revolution were driven by the intent to protect the slave economy from the freedom-loving British Empire, then why did England only ban slavery in 1807 and why did they wait until 183 3 to begin extending this ban across their colonies??
    - Did the founding fathers have a crystal ball and act on events that would occur only 65 years in the future?
    - If the British truly hated slavery so much, then why did the empire maintain a global system of subjugation, famine and exploitation across Asia, Ireland and beyond for so many generations?
    - So what happened?
    - Was the British Empire seriously pushing an anti-slavery agenda?
    - Why did America’s anti-slave trajectory fall apart so soon after the revolution and why did the rot spread to the point of necessitating a Civil War by 1861?
    - How to proceed with a serious investigation?
  - The Matter of Money
    - Section Summary
      - Money Defines Conflict: The key to understanding this history begins with who controls the money, because economics exposes a struggle between two opposing paradigms of statecraft that shaped the world of the American Revolution as part of a wider international phenomenon.
      - After political independence in 1783, the decisive question became what economic system would govern America: one side locked value into money-worship, profit, pleasure, and the avoidance of pain, while the other held that true value lay beyond transient material calculation in something more universal.
    - Since one of the most effective keys to understanding history starts with the question o: "who controls the money”, economics is a good place to start.
    - Approaching the matter this way will cause the inquiring mind to confront the battle between two opposing paradigms of statecraft which defined the world in which the American revolution arose as part of an international phenomenon involving leaders from Russia, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, India and Morocco [see chapter 1].
    - The battle over what sort of system of economics would govern America after political independence was achieved in 1783 will here become a very valuable question.
    - Where certain players of that age believed that "value” should be locked into rules of money-worship and profit (which all people desired since money bought pleasure and helped us avoid pain), others disagreed and believed value should be looked for elsewhere.
    - These others believed that value transcended matters of pleasure/pain and touched upon something less transient and more universal... but what?
  - Benjamin Franklin’s Revolutionary Concept of Value
    - Section Summary
      - Value Comes From Creation: Value arises from what human beings create to meet human needs, not from the mere possession or consumption of things.
      - Franklin therefore joined sovereign control over currency, productive manufacturing, internal improvements, and anti-slavery work as parts of one struggle, because slave labor produces only anti-value: momentary profits and money flows that may appear as wealth while actually destroying a societys power to sustain itself.
      - Slavery cripples the creative powers of both the enslaved person, reduced to animal labor, and the slave master, whose mind is degraded into devising means of domination.
      - Abolition Joined Nation-Building: Franklin translated this principle into organized anti-slavery action through his printing, his promotion of Benjamin Lays denunciation of slaveholding as a sin against God, his collaboration with Josiah Wedgewoods Am I not a man and a brother? medallion, and his founding of anti-slavery societies whose constitution affirmed the equal right of all men to life, liberty, and property.
      - The same current shaped Hamilton, John Jay, and Gouverneur Morris, who built the American System of national banking, productive credit, protective tariffs, and large-scale manufacturing, while Jeffersons presidency advanced the slave power through agrarianism, hostility to manufacturing, and tolerance of slavery even though he did not seek Burrs immediate breakup of the Union.
    - During the 18 th century, these latter forces centered themselves around the figure of America’s “father of founding fathers” Benjamin Franklin who drafted some of the mosl important policies that led to the sovereign control over currency from his 1729 On the Necessity for a Paper Currency, onwards.
    - Franklin used his powerful printing presses to spread both sovereign banking and anti-slavery pamphlets, books and treatises for decades before the revolution itself was declared in 17 7 5.
    - One of the most powerful anti-slavery books printed by Franklin was the influential 1737 'All Slave Keepers Who Keep the Innocent in Bondage’ by Benjamin Lay which argued that any Christian keeping slaves was an offense against God.
    - Lay wrote: "No greater sin Hell can invent than to prophane and blaspheme the pure and Holy Truth, which is God all in all, and remove God’s creatures made after his own image, from all the comforts of life and their country... and bring them into all the miseries that dragons, serpents, devils and hypocrites can procure and think of".
    - In the mind of Franklin and his co-thinkers these issues (economics and slavery) represented two sides of the same fight.
    - Franklin argued in his many writings that "value” originated in what you create that satisfies the needs of humanity, and not what “things” you possess or wish to consume.
    - Since a society of creators/producers requires sovereign manufacturing to generate real wealth and constant internal improvements of infrastructure to coordinate the development of all parts of a nation under a unified intention, Franklin recognized clearly that the production generated by "slave labor” is a chimera and actually represented a form of “anti-value”.
    - Like heroin consumption today, anti-value simply means any forn of "momentary profits” that might even be measurable as GDP and generate money flows, but actually represent a destruction of that society’s ability to sustain its own existence over time.^h
    - The reason for this is simple.
    - Slavery destroys the creative powers of mentation in both the laboring slave who is valued only for their animal labor, and also the decadent slave master who’s potential for creativity becomes narrowly defined by ways to keep the slave under control.
    - It is thus no coincidence that Franklin also created the anti-slavery alliance in the 1760: and later founded the 1785 ‘Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves’ alongside several of his devoted proteges.
    - These proteges included the figures of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and Gouvernor Morris who all happened to become the creators and leaders of the “American System of political economy” premised on the use of a national bank, productive credit, protective tariffs, and large scale manufacturing to promote the economic sovereignty of the new nation.
    - The society’s founding constitution read:
    - "The benevolent Creator and Father of all men, having given them all an equal right to life, liberty, and property, no sovereign power on earth can justly deprive them of either, but in conformity to impartial government, and laws, to which they have expressly or tacitly consented."
    - One of Franklin’s leading British collaborators was Josiah Wedgewood- a leader in the Lunar Society who sent Franklin copies of a medallion produced in his ceramic factors featuring a black slave in bondage exclaiming "Am I not a man and a brother?”
    - Replying to Wedgewood, Franklin stated that the image ‘may have an Effect equal to that of the best written Pamphlet in procuring favour to those oppressed people” and proceeded to spread the design across the new nation as a battle cry for abolition.
    - When Jefferson took control of the Presidency from 1801-1809, a major victory was won for the pro-slavery oligarchs of America who saw immense profits to be gained by spreading their peculiar form of society under a perverse form of Manifest Destiny.
    - 1^1
    - Admittedly, these oligarchs would have been much happier with the victory of Aaron Burr to the presidency in 1801 since an immediate dissolution of the union would have occurred between slave and free states as early as 1804^1.
    - Unlike Burr, Jefferson was at least against breaking up the Union into northern and southern confederacies (with the free states merging with Canada and the slave states becoming their own nation), and that is why Hamilton (Jefferson’s political nemesis) ironically organized aggressively for his victory and winning the fatal ire of Burr.
    - Sadly, Jefferson’s devout belief in agrarianism, hate for manufacturing, love of slavery, and British enlightenment thinking still made him an instrument for the slave power’s cancerous growth during much of his terms in office.
  - The British Empire’s Global Game
    - Section Summary
      - Empire by addiction: The City of London seized control of world textile manufacture by destroying Indian textiles and subduing China through mass opium consumption, creating a primary export market for southern slave plantation cotton.
      - This proto-globalization imposed a closed global system through cash cropping, free trade, speculation, and drugs, while easy money from cheap slave labor bred a further addiction.
      - By 1840 more than 20 percent of the British population worked in textiles under antihuman conditions of the kind Charles Dickens described in A Tale of Two Cities and other writings.
    - By destroying Indian textiles and subduing the "Chinese dragon” with a program of mass opium consumption that would stain the 19 th century, the City of London quickly took control of world textile manufactures which created a primary export market for southern slave plantation cotton and a new set of addictions began: the addiction to the easy money derived from cheap slave labor.
    - This proto globalization established a global closed system of controls onto all nations through cash cropping, free trade, speculation and drugs.
    - By 1840 over 20% of the British population was employed in textiles under such antihuman conditions that Charles Dickens described in his Tale of Two Cities and other writings.
  - The Best of Times and Worst of Times
    - Section Summary
      - Free trade impoverished: After Hamiltons 1804 murder and the undermining of Americas national credit system between 1804 and 1836, protective tariffs were stripped away, British free trade expanded, and credit for infrastructure such as the Erie Canal, roads, and rail shriveled up.
      - The resulting monetarist order unleashed speculation, recurrent booms and busts, and state-rights programs that displaced national initiatives, reproducing an old divide-and-conquer method.
      - A Whig economist in 1853 contrasted this pattern with Canada from 1791 to 1850, holding that free trade with England left Canadian wealth barely keeping pace with population and kept the country chronically poor, while the United States improved whenever it supplied itself through its own industry and relapsed toward bankruptcy during free-trade intervals and heavy imports.
    - With the 1804 murder of Hamilton, and undermining of America’s national credit system between 1804-1836, British free trade grew as protective tariffs were taken down, and credit towards infrastructure projects like the Erie Canal, roads, rail, etc shriveled up.
    - Speculation ran rampant whenever this monetarist system was unleashed driven by booms and busts and the rise of "state-rights” programs that superseded all national initiatives.
    - This process was taken directly from classic divide to conquer tactics that had already been used by empires for millennia.
    - An astute Whig economist looking upon this bipolar process in America (while compar ing it to the depressingly stagnant Canadian economic situation of 1791-1850) stated ir 1853:
    - “Though the ratio of the increase of the population has been greater in Canada than in the United States, yet their increase of wealth has barely kept pace with the population, and the) are as poor as they were half a century since.
    - They have enjoyed the blessings of Free Trade with England all the time, we have only a part of the time.
    - Whenever we have attempted to supply ourselves by our own industry, with the comforts and necessaries of life, we have improved our condition as a people; and during the intervals of Free Trade and large import ations of foreign goods, we have relapsed again into a condition bordering on bankruptcy; while the Canadians have been constantly exhausted, and kept so poor by Free Trade, as to be unable to get sufficient credit to have even the ups and downs of prosperity and bankruptcy in succession."^
  - The Slave Power Spreads
    - Section Summary
      - Jackson empowered slavery: The destruction of the Second National Bank in 1836 followed a propaganda campaign that cast it as tyranny, and Andrew Jacksons celebrated record of killing the bank and paying off the debt amounted instead to wrecking infrastructure, unleashing speculation, and helping bring on the Panic of 1837.
      - His racist removal of the Cherokee opened southern lands to cotton oligarchs, while the slave economy expanded through the City of LondonWall StreetNew Orleans nexus, with cotton exports rising from 100,000 bales to 1 million by 1840 and then to 4 million by 1860, much of it tied to Britain and reinforced by the Kansas-Nebraska Acts westward spread of slavery.
      - Against abolitionists who preferred dissolving the Union, Frederick Douglass defended the Constitution as a Glorious Liberty Document, rejected the claim that it sanctioned slavery, allied with Lincoln, helped recruit 200,000 black soldiers, and later denounced British free trade and cheap labor as the program of the rich and powerful against the many.
    - By 183 6, the 2 nd National Bank was officially killed after a mass propaganda campaign convinced a duped mob that it was an instrument of tyranny in America, and over the coming 6 decades, the only five presidents who would make any serious effort towards reviving America’s nationalist system would end up dead while in office (Harrison in 1841, Taylor in 1850, Lincoln in 1865, Garfield in 1880, and McKinley in 1901).
    - The man who is today celebrated for having “killed the bank” and “paying off Americas debts” was in reality a force of pure destruction.
    - Jackson “paid the debt” by cutting all infrastructure projects and unleashing mass speculation which resulted in a devastating 1837 bank panic that drove the nation into discord and depression.
    - An unrepentant racist, Jackson also gave enormous assistance to the slavocracy by emptying the southern lands of Cherokee in the genocidal "Trail of Tears” and giving the land over to cottor planting oligarchs loyal only to their profits, “way of life” and the British Empire.
    - This story is told in all of its ugly detail in historian Michael Kirsch’s ground-breaking 2012 study "How Andrew Jackson Destroyed the United States”.^
    - Between 1801 to 1840, southern cotton exports exploded from 100 000 bales/year to 1 million bales/year with 80% of the exports going to Britain.
    - The City of London-Wall Street-New Orleans triangle dominated the world system with New Orleans representing over 12% of all U.
    - S. banking capital.
    - The southern slave states grew to represent the world’s fourth biggest economy through the support of the British Empire both financially and also in the logistical support needed to import mass slavery into the Americas.
    - This degeneration proceeded slowly until the presidencies of Jackson and his handler Martin van Buren, but after this, cotton exports increased to 4 million bales/year by 1860 and the slave power grew immensely under the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 that ensured the spread of slavery west of Mississippi.
    - While many radical abolitionists in the USA and British Canada then advocated the dissolution of the union as an alternative to civil war, stronger souls like Frederick Douglass recognized the higher historic fight at hand^.
    - As a lesson to modern anarchists who believe in the 1619 Project and feel no sorrow at the burning of America under a new civil war today, Douglass took the time to research history, and broke with William Lloyd Garrison (the leader of the abolitionist movement) defending the Constitution in 1852:
    - "I differ from those who charge this baseness on the framers of the Constitution of the United States.
    - It is a slander upon their memory...
    - In that instrument [the U.
    - S. Constitution] I hold there is neither warrant, license, nor sanction of the hateful thing; but interpreted, as it ought to be interpreted, the Constitution is a Glorious Liberty Document.
    - Read its preamble, consider its purposes.
    - Is slavery among them?
    - Is it at the gateway? or is it in the temple?
    - It is neither.
    - While I do not intend to argue this question on the present occasion, let me ask, if it be not somewhat singular that, if the Constitution were intended to be, by its framers and adopters, a slaveholding instrument, why neither slavery, slaveholding, nor slave can anywhere be found in it”.
    - This higher understanding of history and the principles of the Constitution caused Douglass to ally himself with Lincoln where he worked with all his might to recruit 20 C 000 black soldiers to the cause.
    - Later in life, Douglass attacked British free trade and "cheap labor” in defense of the Nationalist system writing in 18 71:
    - “Cheap Labor, is a phrase that has no cheering music for the masses.
    - Those who demand it, and seek to acquire it, have but little sympathy with common humanity.
    - It is the cry of the few against the many.
    - When we inquire who are the men that are continually vociferating for cheap labor, we find not the poor, the simple, and the lowly; not the class who dig and toi for their daily bread; not the landless, feeble, and defenseless portion of society, but the rich and powerful, the crafty and scheming, those who live by the sweat of other men's faces."^l
  - The British Hand Behind the Civil War
    - Section Summary
      - British-backed secession: Britain actively backed the Confederacy throughout the Civil War with ships, weapons, financing, logistics, diplomatic support, and intelligence operations run from British Canada, and this support reflected a stated imperial calculation that the North was a political and commercial rival while the agrarian South supplied raw materials and bought British manufactures, making it Britains natural ally.
      - This pattern is tied to an older British role in America: John Lockes 1669 Fundamental Constitutions for Carolina are presented as embedding slavery as Britains system in America, while his stake in the Royal African Company and his position at the Board of Trade and Plantations linked slave trafficking and opposition to colonial self-government to the same British design.
    - During the entirety of the Civil War, the British Empire’s guiding hand could always be felt®, from supplying the south with battle ships, weapons and finances to providing logistic and diplomatic support internationally.
    - Even British Canada was given over to the Confederacy’s intelligence headquarters^ which deployed spying, money laundering, and terrorist operations against the Union during the entire war.
    - Speaking to the British Parliament, Lord Robert Cecil (Marquis of Salisbury) expressed Britain’s logic succinctly when he said in 1861:
    - "The Northern States of America never can be our sure friends because vie are rivals politically, rivals commercially....
    - With the Southern States, the case is entirely reversed.
    - Thi population are an agricultural people.
    - They furnish the ravi material of our industry, and they consume the products which we manufacture from it.
    - With them, every interest must lead us to cultivate friendly relations, and when the war began they at once recurred to England as their natural ally.”
    - Before we explore the role of British arsonists stoking the fires of secession and Civil Wai in the USA, let us take a little bit more time to explore the early founders of the Americar System and the pre-Civil War struggles between the two Americas.
    - In 1669, John Locke wrote the Fundamental Constitutions for the New Carolina colony.
    - This was a decisive point that made slavery Britain's system in America.
    - Additionally, John Locke was a major stockholder in the Royal African Company (which shipped more African slaves to the Americas than any other institution in the history of the Atlantic slave trade).
    - During this same period, Locke himself was secretary of Britain’s Board of Trade and Plantations, helping guide the British political attack on the colonists’ attempts at self-government.
- Chapter 6 - Hamilton’s Genius and the American System
  - Chapter Summary
    - True value governs: A sound economic order distinguishes mere money-making from real value, because destructive activities can swell GDP while undermining society, whereas human life depends on intrinsic goods such as food, water, and energy.
    - Economic policy must therefore restore a true standard of value and reject the intellectual and moral blindness that treats all monetary gain as equivalent.
    - Sovereign development uplifts: The proper order rests on national sovereignty and win-win cooperation among nations, not supranational rule by unelected elites, and on long-term infrastructure that raises living standards, cognitive powers, and the productive powers of labor.
    - As higher-quality, longer lives expand consumption and national capital, humanity increases its carrying capacity through creative reason rather than submitting to British-imperial and Malthusian claims of fixed natural limits.
    - Creative reason advances: Economic progress comes from discoveries and inventions that increase humanitys command over nature and develop the powers of mind through association.
    - By accelerating discovery of new organizing principles, society overcomes apparent limits to growth, opens new technologies and resources, and properly directs investment into research and development; this Lincoln-Carey principle defines the American System.
    - Hamiltonian credit builds: Hamilton rescued a bankrupt agrarian republic by consolidating debts into federal credit, linking that credit to roads, canals, academies, and industrial growth, directing finance through national banks ordered to the General Welfare, and protecting domestic industry with federal support.
    - Wealth lies not in land, gold, or money, but in the productive powers of labor, and though London-aligned enemies killed Hamilton and repeatedly sabotaged his design, the American System survived through figures such as List, Adams, Clay, and Lincoln until it could be restored against free trade, speculation, and slave power.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Real value exists: Systemic change requires more than replacing might makes right with win-win cooperation in diplomacy; it requires restoring a true standard of value.
      - Moneys usefulness does not mean every money-making activity possesses actual value, because destructive pursuits such as heroin, prostitution, and gambling may generate vast GDP while remaining ephemeral and socially corrosive.
      - Human life depends on intrinsic goods such as food, water, and energy, so economics must distinguish false monetary value from activities that genuinely enhance nations and their people.
      - Until this intellectual and moral blindness in academia and public service is corrected, civilization will remain unfit to face the coming economic and civilizational crisis.
    - Today’s world calls out desperately for a systemic change.
    - This means not only a change in thinking about diplomacy, the superiority of win cooperation over “might makes right”, but it also means a change in thinking about value itself.
    - Everyone agrees that money is useful and few people would say that they don’t want more money... but is money’s "value” derived from the simple desire people have of it?
    - Is it caused by the willingness of consumers to pay for a thing which gives that “thing” value?
    - Before answering in the affirmative, think about heroin.
    - Does heroin have value?
    - How about prostitution or gambling?
    - Certainly all of these things generate trillions of dollars in measurable GDP globally every year... but do they hold actual value?
    - Or is it merely ephemeral?
    - Some might say that there is no such thing as intrinsic value and that all value is ephemeral based on the fluctuating “tastes” of the day... but would those people wish to go a week without food or water?
    - Would the 7.8 billion lives on earth do well if the energy needed to sustain human existence disappear?
    - Of course not.
    - So why do economists today fail to differentiate the false vs actual value of money associated with activities which are inherently destructive to our nations and children from those activities that enhance the lives of our people and nations?
    - Whatever the causes for this intellectual (and moral) blindness prevalent in academia and public servants alike, the fact is that this deficit exists and to the degree that we fail to rectify this problem, we as a civilization will be morally unfit to navigate through the oncoming storms set to befall western civilization amidst an economic meltdown.
  - Some Elementary Principles of Natural Law
    - Section Summary
      - Sovereignty and development: The new economic order must rest on national sovereignty exercised through a win-win system of cooperation, not supranational control by an unelected elite, and on large-scale, long-term infrastructure that raises living standards, cognitive powers, and the productive powers of labor for all people.
      - This development increases national capital and consumption per capita and per square kilometer as higher-quality, longer lives expand both individual and national consumption.
      - These conditions raise humanitys carrying capacity through human creative reason, against the opposing British-imperial and Malthusian doctrine that treats natural limits as fixed and population growth as inevitably outrunning resources.
    - While this chapter will review some elementary facts of recent history that provide keys to solving these intellectual and moral obstacles, a few general truths are worth enumerating here upon which the new economic order must be premised.
    - 1) A respect of national sovereignty under a win system of cooperation and NOT a system of supranational controls under the control of an unelected elite.
    - 2) Large scale, long term infrastructure projects which uplift the standards of living of all people, as well as the cognitive powers of all people and the productive powers of labor of all people simultaneously.
    - 3) That this process has the natural effect of increasing national capital and consumer consumption per capita and per square kilometer (since higher quality lives lived longer equates to higher rates and quality of consumption both individually and nationally).
    - A viable modern guidebook to explore this system scientifically can be found in the writings of the late American economist Lyndon LaRouche with a focus upon his 1984 book So You Wish to Learn All About Economics.^
    - Taken together, these three variables would tend towards an increase of humanity’s carrying capacity conditional upon the factor of something ivory tower mathematicians and computer modellers dominant in today’s econometric and climate science worlds detest: HUMAN CREATIVE REASON.
    - The opposing school of political economy, premised as it is upon the British imperial theoreticians who have sought to undermine this tradition are premised upon the Malthusian assumption that material limits to nature are insurmountable and that population growth will always exceed nature’s capacity to sustain ever growing mouths.
    - [See Chapter 11 for more on Malthus]
  - The Role of Creative Thought in Economic Systems
    - Section Summary
      - Creative discovery drives progress: Human labor advances because people improve their workmanship through discoveries and inventions, and as the power of association develops the faculties of mind, mental force gains greater command over material nature and strengthens self-direction.
      - Increasing the rate of discovery of previously unknown organizing principles lets society overcome limits to growth by making leaps to new technologies and resources, and it therefore provides the proper framework for directing future investment into research and development that expands the frontiers of human knowledge.
      - This Lincoln-Carey process was known as the American System, and its importance is underscored by the claim that every American president who died while in office supported it.
    - Abraham Lincoln understood this fact all too well 170 years ago when he said in 1860^:
    - "Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one who improves his workmanship.
    - This improvement, he effects by Discoveries, and Inventions."
    - This idea was amplified by Lincoln’s leading economic advisor Henry C. Carey who said in his 1872 Unity of Law^t
    - “The more his power of association, the greater is the tendency toward development of his various faculties; the greater becomes his control of the forces of nature, and the more perfect his own power for self-direction; mental force thus more and more obtaining control over that which is material, the labors of the present over the accumulations of the past...”
    - If you haven’t noticed it, both Lincoln and Carey recognized that it is by increasing rates of discoveries of hither-to-unknown organizing principles of the universe which allows our species to translate those new discoveries into greater rates of scientific and technological progress.
    - This overcoming of our limits to growth by leaping to new technologies and resources would then establish a guiding framework for planning future investments into R & D with a focus on activities that push the frontiers of human knowledge.
    - This process embodied by Lincoln and Carey was once known far and wide as the “American System” and it isn’t a coincidence that EVERY SINGLE American president who died while in office (eight in total) were supporters of this system.
  - The Origins of the American System
    - Section Summary
      - Federal credit revived: The republic emerged from 1783 to 1791 as an agrarian economy in financial ruin, unable to pay its debts or even its soldiers, and thus vulnerable to disintegration and reabsorption into the British Empire.
      - Hamilton answered this crisis with a four-part American System: consolidating state debts into a federal debt through new bonds; tying that debt to roads, canals, academies, and industrial growth so production would supply the means of extinguishment; directing national finance through constitutional national banks ordered to the General Welfare rather than usurious British-style central banking; and using protective measures and federal bounties to defend domestic industry and align private enterprise with national needs.
      - Industry creates wealth: The national bank joined private profit to the wellbeing of the nation and supplied the circulation needed to prevent industrial stagnation, improve the balance of trade, and strengthen agriculture and manufactures.
      - Against Jeffersonian free-trade attacks on manufactures and federal power, Hamilton affirmed that sovereign government may employ all constitutional means necessary to advance its proper ends, including encouraging merchants, navigation, and manufactures.
      - Wealth does not reside in land, gold, or money, but in the productive powers of labor and in stimulating the activity of the human mind through multiplying the objects of enterprise.
    - During the period of 1783-1791, the newly established American republic was an agrar ian economy in financial ruins with no means to pay off its debts or even the soldiers who fought for years in the revolutionary war.
    - It was only a matter of time before the fragile new nation would come undone and be reabsorbed back into the fold of the British Empire.
    - The solution to this unsolvable crisis was unveiled by Washington’s former Aide de Camp and now Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton who studied the works of the great dirigiste economists like France’s Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert^, and introduced a four-fold solution:
    - 1. - Consolidate all unpayable state debts into a singular federal debt secured by the issuance of new bonds.
    - This was done via his 1 790 Report or Public Credit.
    - 1. - Tie these new bonds to internal improvements like roads, canals, academies and industrial growth which would create a qualitatively new form of debt that would permit the nation to produce its way out of poverty which would lead to "the augmentation of the active or productive capital of a country”.
    - In this sense Hamilton distinguished bad debt from good debt using the important guiding principle that the "creation of debt should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment.”
    - [to illustrate this more clearly: think of a farmer taking on a debt in order to feed a gambling addiction vs investing his loan into new farm supplies and a tractor.]
    - The thrust of this conception was found in his Report on the Subject of Manufactures of 1791.
    - 1. - Guide that new national power over finance by a system of national banks subservient to the Constitution and the General Welfare (instead of a system of central banks under the British model that ensured nation states would forever be subservient to the laws of usurious finance).
    - This was illustrated ir Hamilton’s 1 790 Report on a National Bank and his 1791 On the Constitutionality of a National Bank.
    - 4.
    - Use protective measures where necessary to block foreign dumping of cheap goods into the nation from abroad which essentially makes it more profitable to purchase industrial goods and farm products locally rather than from abroad.
    - Hamilton also promoted federal incentives/bounties to encourage private enterprises to build things that would be in alignment with the national interests.
    - Hamilton’s idea for the national bank was premised on the unification of private profit with the wellbeing of the whole nation in order to overcome the dichotomy of state vs individual rights which has plagued so much of philosophy and human history^.
    - Describing the importance of a national bank, Hamilton wrote:
    - “A nation, that has no mines of its own, must derive the precious metals from others; generally speaking, in exchange for the products of its labor and industry.
    - The quantity, it will possess, will therefore, in the ordinary course of things, be regulated by the favourable, or unfavourable balance of its trade; that is, by the proportion between its abilities to supply foreigners, and its wants of them; between the amount of its exportations and that of its importations.
    - Hence the state of its agriculture and manufactures, the quantity and quality [emphasis in the original] of its labor and industry must, in the main, influence and determine the increase or decrease of its gold and silver....
    - The support of industry is probably in every case, of more consequence towards correcting a wrong balance of trade, than any practicable retrenchments, in the expenses of families, or individuals: And the stagnation of it would be likely to have more effect, in prolonging, than any such savings in shortening its continuance.
    - That stagnation is a natural consequence of an inadequate medium, which, without the aid of Bank circulation, would in the cases supposed, be severely felt."
    - In opposition to the Jeffersonian crowd promoting British Free Trade and attacking the idea of manufactures or a strong federal government, Hamilton wrote that there is: “a general principle... inherent in the very definition of Government and essential to every step of the progress to be made by that of the United States; namely—that every power vested in a Government is in its nature sovereign, and includes by force of the term, a right to employ al the means requisite, and fairly applicable to the attainment of the ends of such power; and which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution; or not immoral, or not contrary to the essential ends of political society."
    - Hamilton added that this must exist "to give encouragement to the enterprise of our own merchants, and to advance our navigation and manufactures."
    - Throughout all of his works, Hamilton is clear that value is not located in land, gold, money, or any arbitrary value favored by followers of the British School like Adam Smith.
    - In defending the growth of manufactures and internal improvements, Hamiltor states in his Report on Manufacturing that:
    - “To cherish and stimulate the activity of the human mind, by multiplying the objects of enterprise, is not among the least considerable of the expedients, by which the wealth of a nation may be promoted."
  - The Overthrow of the American System
    - Section Summary
      - System survived sabotage: City of London-aligned enemies in America, identified with Aaron Burr, built the speculative Bank of Manhattan that began Wall Street, killed Hamilton in 1804, and derailed much of his design, but they never destroyed the American System.
      - Frederick List came to America with Lafayette in 1824 to revive the aborted project of sovereign republics modeled on 1776, then codified Hamiltons method in 1827 as the American System of Political Economy: a doctrine of increasing the productive powers of labor through the joint development of manufacturing and national transportation.
      - List carried this system into Germany through rail building, industrial growth, and Zollverein protectionism, and it was later applied in Russia by figures such as Sergei Witte; meanwhile in America the struggle between the American and British systems shaped politics after Andrew Jackson destroyed the Second National Bank, cancelled internal improvements to pay debt, deregulated banking, and subjected the country to free trade, speculation, plantation economics, monetary chaos, and counterfeiting.
      - Whig defenders including John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Abraham Lincoln held the line, but William Harrisons death blocked revival of a third national bank and strengthened slave power, so only in 1861 did a president survive long enough amid bankruptcy and foreign-backed civil war to restore Hamiltons system.
    - Although City of London-affiliated traitors in America like Aaron Burr established the speculative Bank of Manhattan which started Wall Street, killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804, and derailed many of Hamilton’s grand designs for the young republic, the systen was never completely destroyed despite the decades of attempts to do so.
    - In 1824, the great German economist Frederick List came to America with the last surviving leader of 1776 Marquis Lafayette as part of an international effort to revive the sabotaged plans to create a world of sovereign republics modeled on the American experience of 1776^.
    - While this effort failed with Lafayette’s supplication to the scheme of re-instating a French King in 1830 rather than declare himself the President, List studied Hamilton’s system and was the first to codify it as the American System of Political Economy (1827).^
    - In the foreword of this book, List outlines the importance of Hamilton’s system of value premised upon increasing the productive powers of labor in opposition to the system of Adam Smith:
    - "I previously knew the importance of means of transportation only from the standpoint taught by the theory of values; I had only observed the effect of transport businesses in particular instances and only with respect to the expansion of the market and the reduction of prices for material goods.
    - Only now did I begin to consider it from the point of view of the theory of productive forces and in its total effect as a national transportation system, consequently, according to its influence upon the entire mental and political life, social intercourse, the productivity and the power of nations.
    - Only now did I recognize the reciprocal relationship which exits between manufacturing power and the national system of transportation, and that the one can never develop to its fullest without the other.
    - “Thus was I able to study this material — this I dare to claim — more comprehensively than any other economist before me had done, and to cast a clear light upon the necessity and the utility of entire national systems of railroads, and I did this before any economist in England, France, or North America had thought of considering these matters from this higher standpoint."
    - This was the system which List transported to Germany by driving rail development, industrial growth, protectionism under the German Zollverein which finally blossomed under the rule of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
    - List’s system was also studied, translated and applied in Russia by many "American System economists” with the greatest being the Transport Minister and Prime Minister Sergei Witte who oversaw the trans Siberian railway’s completion and envisioned a line eventually connecting the Americas to Russia via the Bering Straits.^
    - In America, the clash between American vs British Systems defined all major conflicts from 1836 when Andrew Jackson killed the 2 nd National Bank (along with thousands of Cherokees) and brought the nation under the heel of British Free Trade, speculation, anc cotton plantation economics.
    - Following the IMF’s protocols that would be imposed ontc victim nations 150 years later, Jackson cancelled all internal improvements in order to "pay the debt” and deregulated the banking system which resulted in the growth of ovei 7000 separate currencies issued by an array of state banks rendering the economy chaotic, bankrupt and prone to mass counterfeiting.
    - The defenders of the American System during this period (led by Whigs such as John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln and Henry Clay) played a rear-guard action hoping foi an opening to occur at some point.
    - When that opening finally arrived with the victory of Whig President William Harrison in 1840 a glimmer of hope was felt.
    - Harrison swepl to power with a mandate to “revive the national bank” and enact Clay’s American System of internal improvements.
    - Sadly, President Harrison found himself dead in a matter of only 3 months with legislation for the 3 rd national bank sitting unsigned on his desk.
    - Over his dead body (and that of another Whig president only 10 years later), the slave power grew in influence enormously.
    - It wasn’t until 1861 that a new president arose who successfully avoided assassination attempts long enough to revive Hamilton’s American System during a period of existential crisis of economic bankruptcy and foreign sponsored civil war which nearly destroyed the Union in ways not that dissimilar to the situation unfolding in America today.
- Chapter 7 - The 1804 Northern Secession Plot and the Founding Fathers of the Deep State
  - Chapter Summary
    - Hamilton opposed treason: Between 1776 and 1804, Alexander Hamilton fought British-linked traitorous currents inside the United States, including factions within the Federalists tied to Canadian Loyalists, New York finance, and southern slave interests.
    - He treated Jefferson as the lesser evil in 1800 because Jefferson still loved liberty and orderly government, while Burr sought only personal power.
    - This conflict revealed an internal British-backed force lodged within the republic and operating to destroy it from within when open conquest had failed.
    - Secession preserved slavery: British-loyal leaders including Timothy Pickering, Aaron Burr, James Wilkinson, George Cabot, and Albert Gallatin answered the slavery question not by continuing the constitutional struggle against slavery but by proposing to dissolve the Union into northern and southern confederacies.
    - Pickering and the Essex Junto envisioned a northern league of the free states joined to British Canada and linked commercially to Great Britain, with New York as the indispensable center.
    - Their case rested on the claim that slave and free states could not coexist, but the practical result would have been two British-dependent blocs under the City of Londons financial influence.
    - Burr led separation: Surviving journals and letters are presented as decisive proof that Burr stood at the center of the 1804 northern secession plot.
    - William Plumers account of his meeting with Burr, James Hillhouse, and Uriah Tracy showed Burr treating national separation as likely and necessary, while Pickerings correspondence with George Cabot stated plainly that Federalists wanted Burr as governor of New York because only he could detach New York from Virginias influence and, if required, unite New England, New York, and New Jersey in a permanent northern confederacy that might also include Canada and Nova Scotia with British assent.
    - Defeat shifted the plot: Hamiltons destruction of Burrs 1804 gubernatorial bid blocked northern secession by denying the conspiracy New York, and Burr then turned first to murder and then to a western coup.
    - After Hamiltons death, Burr entered a new British-backed design to sever the western states and Louisiana from the Atlantic Union, seize New Orleans with British aid, expand by war against Spain, and ultimately depose the president so Burr could rule a new British American confederation.
    - Though evidence exposed the scheme, Burr escaped conviction, fled into British circles in Canada and London, later returned to build his machine around Jackson and Van Buren, and saw that machine advance free trade, speculation, slave power, bank destruction, halted development, and national disintegration in continuity with the same anti-republican project.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Hamilton blocked Burr: Between 1776 and 1804, Alexander Hamilton used all his influence to defeat traitorous movements tied to British operations in America, including elements within his own Federalist Party and networks linking Canadian United Empire Loyalists, New York financiers, and southern slave interests.
      - He judged Jefferson the lesser evil in 1800 because Jefferson remained a lover of liberty and orderly government, whereas Burr sought only his own aggrandizement and permanent power.
      - This struggle exposed an internal British-backed force embedded in the young nation, presented as the origin of a later deep state that worked to destroy the republic from within when external force could not.
    - “In a choice of Evils let them take the least - Jefferson is in every view less dangerous than Burr."
    - -AlexanderHamilton (1800)
    - Between 1776 until his death in 1804, Alexander Hamilton used every ounce of his influence to ensure that the many traitorous movements launched by diverse branches of British operations in America (including from his own Federalist Party), and often under the leadership of arch-traitor Aaron Burr, failed to achieve their goals.
    - These operations which included Canadian United Empire Loyalists, New York financiers and southern slave interests, can collectively be defined as the "founding fathers of today’s deep state” which evolved over the years and took over much of the nation after the death of Franklin Roosevelt.^1
    - One of Hamilton’s most important victories during this precarious time occurred during the 1800 presidential elections which still confuses some scholars today.
    - These scholars cannot understand why Hamilton’s feud with Jefferson did not stop the former from devoting all of his energy into helping the latter gain the victory over presidential hopeful Aaron Burr.
    - Speaking of his motives for this paradoxical maneuver, Hamilton famously said:
    - "Mr. Jefferson, though too revolutionary in his notions, is yet a lover of liberty and will be desirous of something like orderly Government - Mr. Burr loves nothingbut himself- thinks of nothing but his own aggrandizement - and will be content with nothing short of permanentpower in his own hands."
    - To understand the conditions shaping this strategic fight only 11 years after Ben Franklin died, one must understand how the British Empire used an evil cancer embedded in the young nation to destroy it from within when it became obvious that external force could not succeed.
  - Slavery: America’s Achilles Heel
    - Section Summary
      - Secession served empire: With slavery nearly extinguished by 1792, British-loyal forces in the eastern establishment, led by Timothy Pickering, Aaron Burr, James Wilkinson, George Cabot, and Albert Gallatin, pushed to break the republic into two confederacies on the claim that slave and free states could not coexist.
      - Instead of continuing the constitutional struggle to abolish slavery, they sought to dissolve the nation itself, joining British Canada with the northern free states in an Anglo-Saxon confederation while leaving the slave power to form a southern confederation, both tied by special relationship to England and dominated by the City of Londons financial web.
      - After Burrs defeat by Jefferson in 1800 cut off direct Federal support for dissolving the Union, a new plot emerged in 1803 that depended on Burr gaining control of New York state.
    - Despite the fact that slavery was nearly extinguished by 1792—, forces loyal to the British Empire within the “eastern establishment” led by aristocratically minded traitors like Timothy Pickering, Aaron Burr, Col. James Wilkinson, George Cabot and Albert Gallatin worked hard to advance a plot for breaking up the republic into two separate confederacies under the guise that “slave states and free states could not co-exist”.
    - While this fact may have been true, rather than continue the struggle to abolish slavery by imposing the authority of the Constitution, such traitors made the argument that it were best to dissolve the nation and constitution completely.
    - Under these designs, British Canada would merge with northern "free states” under a new Anglo-Saxon confederation, while the slave power would be free to create its own southern confederation.
    - Under this design, both northern and southern confederacies would be defined by a special relationship with England and dominated by the City of London’s economic web of finance.
    - After Burr’s defeat to Jefferson in 1800 (becoming a distrusted lame-duck vice president), the direct Federal support required for a dissolution of the union was no longer attainable, and so a new plot was hatched that came to life in 1803 which required Burr’s control of New York state.
  - The New England Secessionist Plot
    - Section Summary
      - Separation by slavery: Timothy Pickering, the guiding hand behind the Essex Junto, projected a new northern confederacy because he regarded the Revolutionary settlement as a disappointment and blamed the "aristocratic Democrats of the South" for corrupting and oppressing the North.
      - He expected a sectional separation marked by the line between white and black population and envisioned the British Provinces, with Britains assent, joining this Northern confederacy.
      - The plan depended on drawing New York into the scheme as the economic center needed to bind the other "free states" to British Canada.
    - Describing this plot to his co-conspiratorial senator Richard Peters on December 24, 1803, Timothy Pickering (former Secretary of State under President Adams and guiding hand behind the cabal known as the Essex Junto) wrote:
    - “Although the end of all our Revolutionary labors and expectations is disappointment, and our fond hopes of republican happiness are vanity...
    - I will not yet despair: I will rather anticipate a new confederacy, exempt from the corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the South.
    - There will be - and our children at farthest will see it - a separation.
    - The white and black population will mark the boundary.
    - The British Provinces, even with the assent of Britain, will become members of the Northern confederacy..."^1
    - The strategy described above hinged on bringing New York into the northern secession plot as the economic powerhouse needed to fuse the other "free states” into British Canada.
  - Proof of Aaron Burr’s Treachery
    - Section Summary
      - Burr led secession: Surviving letters are presented as conclusive proof that Aaron Burr led the 1804 Northern secession plot.
      - William Plumers journal records a winter 180304 meeting with James Hillhouse, Burr, and Uriah Tracy at which Hillhouse said the United States would soon split into two governments and Burr spoke freely in a way that convinced Plumer he regarded separation as both likely and necessary.
      - Timothy Pickerings letters to George Cabot further show the plans scope and Burrs central role: he expected a Northern League that could include Canada and Nova Scotia with British assent, tied to Great Britain by commerce, and he stated that Federalists wanted Burr elected governor of New York because Burr alone could break the Democratic bloc, detach New York from Virginias influence, and, if separation were judged proper, unite New England, New York, and New Jersey into a permanent northern confederacy.
    - While many popular historians adamantly choose to deny this fact (some going even so far as to celebrate the life of Burr as a hero—), surviving letters have irrefutably proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that Aaron Burr was the unquestioned leader of this plot- as demonstrated by a journal entry written by Essex Junto leader Senator William Plumer who described a conspiratorial meeting at his house involving Senator James Hillhouse Burr, and Senator Uriah Tracy in the winter of 1803-04.
    - During this meeting, Plumer wrote that Hillhouse "unequivocally declared that it was his opinion that the United State: would soon form two distinct governments’; and ‘Burr conversed very freely on the subject... and the impression made on his mind was, that Burr not only thought a separation woulc not only take place but that it was necessary."^
    - Writing to Opium-pushing Junto leader George Cabot, Timothy Pickering stated^:
    - "We suppose the British Provinces in Canada and Nova Scotia, at no remote period, perhaps without delay, and with the assent of Great Britain, may become members of the Northern League.
    - Certainly, that government can feel only disgust at our present rulers.
    - She will be pleased to see them crestfallen.
    - She will not regret the proposed division of empire.
    - If with her own consent she relinquishes her provinces, she will be rid of the charge of maintaining them; while she will derive from them, as she does from us, all the commercial returns which her merchants now receive.
    - A liberal treaty of amity and commerce will form a bond ofunior between Great Britain and the Northern confederacy highly useful to both...”
    - In another letter of March 4,1804, Pickering wrote of Burr’s leading role in the plan:
    - "The Federalists here in general anxiously desire the election of Mr. Burr to the chair of New York; for they despair of a present ascendancy of the Federal party.
    - Mr. Burr alone, we think, can break your Democratic phalanx; and we anticipate much good from his success.
    - Were New York detached (as under his administration it would be) from the Virginia influence, the whole Union would be benefited.
    - Jefferson would then be forced to observe some caution and forbearance in his measures.
    - And, if a separation should be deemed proper, the five New England States, New York, and New Jersey would naturally be united.
    - Among those seven states, there is a sufficient congeniality of character to authorize the expectation of practicable harmony and a permanent union, New York the centre."^
  - The Plan is Modified
    - Section Summary
      - Burr turns westward: The scheme depended on Burr winning the governorship of New York in 1804, but Hamilton again threw his full force into Burrs defeat, and Burr lost to Morgan Lewis by 35,000 votes to 28,000.
      - Without New York, Northern secession could not succeed, so the plan had to be altered.
      - After Burr, enraged by this defeat, arranged the duel that ended Hamiltons life on July 12, 1804, he shifted into a new conspiracy: within three weeks, British ambassador Anthony Merry reported that he had enlisted Burr to support the separation of the western United States from the Atlantic states and mountains, tied to a joint U.S.-British war on Mexico, with Burr offering his talents, ambition, connections, and revenge against the administration in service to this new western confederacy.
    - As Pickering alluded to in his letter, this plan hinged upon Burr’s 1804 victory as Governor of New York State and once again, just as in the presidential fight of 1800, Alexander Hamilton devoted all of his energy to ensuring Burr’s defeat^ resulting in 28,000 votes going to Burr and 35,000 going to his opponent Morgan Lewis.
    - Without New York on board, the plot for Northern secession could not succeed, and again a new strategy had to be concocted.
    - Without going into details, it is enough to say that an enraged Burr had decided that Hamilton had to be eliminated once and for all, and in the wake of his gubernatorial defeat, Burr put all of his chips into organizing a duel with his nemesis, resulting in Hamilton’s death on July 12,1804.
    - Three weeks after this tragic affair, the British Ambassador Anthony Merry (after meeting with the arch-traitor and Burr confidante Colonel Wilkinson 1^) wrote giddily to the British Foreign Secretary explaining his having recruited Burr to the Empire’s cause of creating a new western Confederacy established by a joint U.
    - S.-British war on Mexico with Burr as it’s head.
    - Ambassador Merry wrote:
    - “I have just received an offer from Mr. Burr, the actual vice president of the United States (•which situation he is about to resign) to lend his assistance to His Majesty’s Government in any manner in which they may think fit to employ him, particularly in endeavouring to effect a separation of the western part of the United States from that which lies between the Atlantic and the mountains, in its whole extant. - His propositions on this and other subject: will be fully detailed to your Lordship by Col. Williamson who has been the bearer of them tc me, and who will embark for England in a few days. -It is therefore only necessary for me to add that if, after what is generally known of the profligacy of Mr. Burr’s character, His Majesty's Ministers should think proper to listen to his offer, his present situation in this country where he is now cast off as much by the democratic as by the federal party, and where he still preserves connections with some people of influence, added to his great ambition and spirit of revenge against the present administration, may possibly induce him to exert the talents and activity which he possesses withfidelity to his employers."^
  - The Plan Modified... Again
    - Section Summary
      - Burrs western coup: By 1807 the secession design had shifted from a free new England aligned with Canada to a western confederacy built on Burrs control of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, after Napoleons unexpected sale disrupted British plans to contain the United States on the Atlantic coast.
      - Burr secured key posts for co-conspirators in Louisiana, including Wilkinson as governor, while the scheme called for British troops and Burrs mercenaries to seize Louisiana and New Orleans, expand by war against Spain, and then depose the president so Burr could rule a new British American confederation.
      - Intercepted correspondence, British boats, money, and testimony at Burrs trial exposed the plot, including William Eatons account that Burr meant to overthrow Congress and assassinate the president, but the evidence failed to convict him.
      - Driven out by public fury, Burr fled with Astors money to Canada and then London, where George Prevost and Lord Castlereagh connected him upward and he spent years in Jeremy Benthams house, closely allied with British intelligence circles while plotting another scheme to dissolve the Union.
    - It took two more years for Burr’s true colors to come fully to light when in 1807, Burr was discovered to be at the center of the plot outlined by Ambassador Merry.
    - Instead of relying on “free new England” uniting with Canada, this new plan centered on Burr’s dominance of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory sold by Napoleon to America in 1804^1 as the basis for a new western confederacy.
    - As historian Gerald Therrien demonstrates in his book Ireland, Haiti, Louisiana and the Idea of a Continental Republic, Napoleon’s desire to sell this gigantic territory to the Americans was a surprise to all (including the Americans) and threw a big wrench in British plans to take control of this land and again suffocate the USA as a closed system locked onto the Atlantic Coast as had been attempted with the 1774 Quebec Act earlier.
    - By this time, Burr managed to get President Jefferson to approve putting his co-conspir-ators into powerful positions of the new Louisiana Territory with Col. Wilkinson appointed Governor.
    - This new plan involved British soldiers working alongside American mercenaries under Burr’s employ who would first take full control of Louisiana, New Orleans, and then expand the territory by declaring war on Spain.
    - According to testimonies delivered at Burr’s trial, Burr would then turn his attention to the capital where the sitting president would be deposed, and Burr established as Monarch of a new British American confederation.
    - The British had been caught providing boats and money to the mercenaries (40 British boats and 75 mercenaries were apprehended), correspondences were intercepted and soon Burr was standing in front of the supreme court facing treason charges.
    - The diplomat William Eaton testified that Burr told him that “he would turn Congress neck and heels out of doors, assassinate the President, (or what amounted to that,) and declare himself the protector of an energetic Government."^-
    - Unfortunately, these testimonies somehow did not qualify as the sort of hard evidence needed to convict Burr (and Ambassador Merry’s smoking gun letter was only discovered decades later) resulting in Burr's unfortunate acquittal.
    - Popular rage towards the former Vice President made life impossible within the republic and using a $40,000 "gift” from John Jacob Astor, Burr soon made his way in disguise to Canada where his nephew George Prevost was serving as Governor General.
    - Prevost gave Burr letters of introduction to Lord Castlereagh as he embarked on a ship from Nova Scotia to London where Burr stayed at Jeremy Bentham’s mansion for the next 5 years and, in between heavy doses of opium and prostitutes^, plotted with the highest echelons of British intelligence a new scheme for the dissolution of the Union (Bentharr was the head of British Intelligence Services in those days and extended networks across the globe).
    - While in London, Burr wrote of Bentham: “He is, indeed, the most perfect model that I have seen or imagined of moral and intellectual excellence.
    - He is the most intimate friend I have in this country, and my constant associate.
    - I live in his house and compose a part of his family."
  - Burr Returns Home and a New Plot is Hatched
    - Section Summary
      - Jackson as Instrument: Returning to the United States before the War of 1812, Burr rebuilt his political machine around the Wall Street-dominated Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, and in 1815 he explicitly promoted Jackson for the presidency in a letter to Joseph Alston.
      - The later federal ascendancy of this Burr machine under Jackson and Van Buren is presented as a decisive defeat for Hamiltonian nationalist forces associated with John Quincy Adams, William Harrison, Matthew Carey, and Henry Clay, while the few Whig recoveries were cut short by the deaths of Harrison and Taylor.
      - Under Jackson and Van Buren, protectionism gave way to British free trade, speculation and slave power expanded, the Cherokee were expelled, the National Bank was destroyed, sovereign credit for development was cut off, major infrastructure was canceled in the name of paying the debt, and the panic of 1837 followed; this accelerated the national dissolution Burr and his deep-state allies had sought since 1804 and underscores the continuous weight of British operations against the American Revolution.
    - Finally returning to the United States in the months before the War of 1812, Burr began rebuilding his political machine with a new focus on the use of the Wall Street dominated Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren which would ultimately drive America into a Civil War five decades later.
    - In 1815, Burr laid out the earliest plan for raising the racist puppet Andrew Jackson to the status of President of the USA in a letter to Joseph Alston (Burr’s son-in-law and former Governor of South Carolina) saying:
    - “If, then, there be a man in the United States of firmness and decision, and having standing enough to afford even a hope of success, it is your duty to hold him up to public view: that man is Andrew Jackson.
    - Nothing is wanting but a respectable nomination, made before the proclamation of the Virginia caucus, and Jackson’s success is inevitable.
    - If this project should accord with your views, I could wish to see you prominent in the execution of it must be known to be your work."^
    - Though it took another decade, the eventual federal takeover of the Burr machine under the combined presidencies of Andrew Jackson and Martin van Buren (ruling from 1828-1840) represented a massive defeat of the Hamiltonian networks then led by John Quincy Adams, William Harrison, Matthew Carey and Henry Clay.
    - The only two successes of the Hamiltonian nationalists then centered in the Whig party to regain control during the 1840-1860 period found Whig presidents dying under mysterious circumstances before they could extract the British rot (Harrison in 1840 and Taylor in 1852).
    - Under Jackson and Van Buren, protectionism was dismantled in favor of British free trade, speculation grew rampantly as did the southern slave power as the south was cleansed of Cherokee under the Trail of Tears and given over to racist oligarchs.
    - The National Bank was destroyed in Jackson’s last year in office, cutting the USA off from its only means of generating sovereign credit for development resulting in the panic and depression of 18 3 7.
    - All major infrastructure projects were cancelled under the banner of "paying the debt” and America’s path to dissolution dreamed of by Burr and his Deep State cohorts in 1804 was accelerated in short order.
    - This story is documented thoroughly in Michael Kirsch’s ground breaking 2012 article How Andrew Jackson Destroyed the United States.^
    - The role of British operations both within America itself as well as British Canada cannot be overstated when evaluating the short and precarious experience of the United States from 1776 to the present.
    - Were America is to survive the coming maelstroms, then it is safe to say that ignorance of this continuous intention to undo the revolution of 1776 can any longer be tolerated.
- Chapter 8 - Lincoln and the Greenbacks
  - Chapter Summary
    - National power at stake: Lincoln confronted a financial order that crippled national action as surely as secession threatened political unity.
    - A shattered currency system of private bank notes and dispersed banks, combined with the destruction of the national bank and the Independent Treasury regime, left the federal government without command over credit, exposed to gold manipulation, and dependent on lenders offering war finance at ruinous rates while demanding private control over gold, bonds, and currency.
    - Hamiltonian purpose: Lincoln held that the fight against slavery and the defense of sovereign economic power were inseparable.
    - He stood in the Hamiltonian and Henry Clay tradition of a national bank, internal improvements, and protective tariffs, and treated the national conflict as part of a wider struggle between the common right of humanity and the divine right of kings.
    - The American System supplied the practical means to defeat both imperial domination and slavery.
    - Treasury credit issued: Lincoln restored the American System by bringing banking under federal charter and supervision and by placing credit creation under sovereign authority.
    - The Banking and Currency Acts and the Legal Tender Act displaced independent state bank notes, imposed federal standards, and issued Greenbacks through the Treasury against government bonds.
    - This redirected banking resources toward the Union and enabled the government to escape dependence on what were presented as usurious London and Wall Street loans.
    - Development was financed: Greenbacks, 5:20 bonds, and protective tariffs funded both victory in war and national economic expansion.
    - Jay Cookes sale of bonds in small denominations drew ordinary citizens directly into financing the republic, while hundreds of millions in Greenbacks expanded circulation, paid soldiers, strengthened manufacturing, and supported major projects such as the transcontinental railway.
    - This system is presented as a successful alternative to foreign financial control, and its destruction after Lincolns murder marked a return to gold-based subordination to speculative power.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Lincolns strategic mind: The immediate focus turns to Abraham Lincolns mind and strategic thinking, to examine them more closely before entering the account of his assassination and British efforts to break up the Union through Civil War.
    - Before plunging into the story of Lincoln’s assassination and the British efforts to break up the Union through Civil War, I’d like to take a moment to explore the mind and strategic thinking of Abraham Lincoln in a bit more detail.
  - What did Lincoln Actually Face?
    - Section Summary
      - Financial siege: Lincoln faced not only secession but a financial order hostile to national action.
      - The countrys shattered monetary system of thousands of private bank notes and hundreds of banks issuing their own currencies, reinforced by the destruction of the national bank and the Independent Treasury Act, left the federal government without effective control over credit and blocked large national projects.
      - The section presents London and Wall Street as exploiting this weakness: Britain is described as wanting the Union broken into rival republics, gold manipulation and the draining of U.S. reserves are attributed to the City of London, and war loans were offered only at ruinous 2025 percent interest.
      - The New York bankers 1862 ultimatum sought to force direct taxation, private control over government gold and bond sales, suspension of federal banking restraints, and withdrawal of government paper currency in favor of gold and private bank notes.
      - Lincolns creed: Lincoln is presented as a consistent Hamiltonian nationalist whose opposition to slavery was inseparable from his defense of sovereign economic power.
      - His own statements affirm support for a national bank, internal improvements, and a high protective tariff, and his campaigning for William Harrison and rechartering the National Bank is treated as part of a long effort to restore the American System.
      - The section portrays him as foreseeing a coming struggle if slavery and control over finance were not resolved, and as maintaining through the 1850s his old Henry Clay tariff Whig convictions.
      - In alliance with John Quincy Adams, in opposition to the Mexican War, and in debate with Douglas, he is shown treating the conflict as a world struggle between the common right of humanity and the divine right of kings; the American System of political economy supplied the means to defeat both empire and slavery.
    - Beyond the dangers of secession, Lincoln had to contend with the Wall Street financiers and anglophile families who worked tirelessly to sabotage the president’s ability to acquire the funds necessary to execute the war.
    - To make matters worse, the state of economic affairs was impossibly unmanageable with over 7000 recognized bank notes in the USA and over 1496 banks each issuing multiple notes.
    - Under this highly de-regulated system made possible by the 1836 killing of the national bank years earlier under Andrew Jackson and the passage of the 1846 Independent Treasury Act which prevented the government from influencing economic affairs, every private bank could issue currencies with no federal authority.
    - With such a breakdown of finances, no national projects were possible, international investments were scarce and free market money worshipping ran rampant.
    - Manufacturing collapsed, speculation took over and the slavocracy grew in influence between the 18 3 7’s bank panic and 1860.
    - The City of London was obviously not interested in allowing the USA to get out from under water, and with the gold-backed pound sterling, ensured the manipulation of gold prices and orchestrated the buyout of U.
    - S. gold reserves.
    - When Lincoln sought loans to execute the war, whether from Wall Street or International banking houses, the loans were granted only at excessive interest rates of 20-25%.
    - Russian Ambassador to London de Brunow reported to Moscow of England’s desire to break the Union writing in January 1861:
    - “The English government, at the bottom of its heart, desired the separation of North America into two republics, which will watch each other jealously and counterbalance one the other.
    - Then England, on terms of peace and commerce with both, would have nothing tofea\ from either; for she would dominate them, restraining them by their rival ambitions."^
    - Historian Robert Ingraham described this impossible situation in 2002:
    - “In January 1862, Gallatin [head of the NY Associated Banks] presented the bankers' ultimatum to the Treasury: 1) pay for the war effort through a massive increase of direct taxation of the population; 2) deposit all U.
    - S. government gold in the private New York banks and make those banks the sole (monopoly) agent for the marketing of U.
    - S. government debt (primarily bonds sold in London); 3) suspend the “sub-treasury laws” (government regulation of banks); and 4) withdraw all government-issued paper currency so that only gold and private bank notes would circulate as currency.”^
    - 150 years of revisionist historians have obscured the real Lincoln and the true nature of the Civil War as a British run operation to undo the revolution of 1776.
    - The demonstrable fact is that the martyred president was always an opponent to slavery and always situated himself in the traditions of the American System of Hamilton describing in 18 3 2 a policy which he later enacted 3 0 years later:
    - “My politics are short and sweet, like the old woman’s dance.
    - I am in favor of a national bank.
    - I am in favor of the internal improvement system, and a high protective tariff.
    - These are my sentiments and political principles."
    - In 18 3 9, Lincoln campaigned vigorously for the election of Hamiltonian Whig candidate William Harrison and delivered dozens of speeches in support of the nationalist president.
    - The guiding theme among these speeches was the need to revive the Hamiltonian National Bank which had just recently been killed by Burr’s political machine then running the Presidency of Andrew Jackson.
    - Lincoln’s most famous speech in defense of re-chartering the National Bank made on December 26, 1839 was widely circulated nation wide and played a major role in Harrison’s victory of 1840.
    - Sadly, upor Harrison's mysterious death only three months into his first term, the Bill to revive the Bank that had passed the House of Representatives never made it into law and instead Burr’s machine took back control sending the US on a trajectory towards dissolution.
    - It was at the end of this speech that Lincoln exhibited a prophetic understanding of the inevitable war that would soon emerge if the issue of slavery and sovereign controls over finance could not be resolved:
    - “I know that the great volcano at Washington, aroused and directed by the evil spirit that reigns there, is belching forth the lava of political corruption, in a current broad and deep, which is sweeping with frightful velocity over the whole length and breadth of the land, biddingfair to leave unscathed no green spot or living thing, while on its bosom are riding like demons on the waves of Hell, the imps of that evil spirit, and fiendishly taunting all those who dare resist its destroying course, with the hopelessness of their effort; and knowing this, I cannot deny that all may be swept away.
    - Broken by it, I, too, may be; bow to it I never will.
    - The probability that we may fall in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just; it shall not deter me."
    - [See Appendix 2 for the full speech]
    - In 1859, Lincoln described himself in the following terms:
    - “I was an old Henry Clay tariff whig.
    - In old times I made more speeches on that subject, than on any other.
    - I have not since changed my views.”
    - From this period in the Congress where he became a leading ally of John Quincy Adams, and played a leading role in opposition to the unjust U.
    - S.-Mexican War, Lincoln committed himself consistently to ending not only systems of slavery but also all hereditary power structures internationally which he understood were inextricably connected say ing during an 1858 debate with the slavocracy’s Judge Douglas:
    - "That is the issue that will continue in this country when these poor tongues of Judge Douglas and myself shall be silent.
    - It is the eternal struggle between these two principles - right and wrong - throughout the world.
    - They are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time, and will ever continue to struggle.
    - The one is the common right of humanity and the other the divine right of kings."
    - The means needed to break both systems of empire and slavery were located in the American System of political economy.
  - Lincoln Revives the American System
    - Section Summary
      - Federal credit restored: Lincoln revived the American System through the Banking and Currency Acts of 1862 and 1863, which brought state banks under federal charter and supervision, imposed a 10 percent tax that displaced independent state bank notes, established reserve requirements, capped interest rates, and required bank directors to be American citizens with most residing in the state of the bank.
      - The decisive measure was sovereign control over credit issuance through the Treasury, carried out by the 1862 Legal Tender Act and the issue of Greenbacks against U.S. government bonds.
      - National banks had to deposit at least one third of their capital in the federal treasury for government notes, which redirected lending to the government and let Lincoln avoid what were presented as usurious loans from London and Wall Street.
      - Productive finance advanced: Greenbacks, 5:20 bonds, and protective tariffs financed both the war effort and national development.
      - Jay Cooke sold the 5:20 bonds in small denominations so ordinary citizens could invest directly in the nations survival, and between 1862 and 1865 they accounted for $1.3 billion while uniting personal interest with the general welfare.
      - By early 1865, $450 million in Greenbacks made up more than half the currency in circulation and, together with the bonds, funded soldiers, manufacturing, and major rail projects including the transcontinental railway, while greatly increasing government spending power.
      - This system was presented as a successful and broadly beneficial alternative to foreign financial control, but Lincolns murder was followed by a rapid assault on it: Andrew Johnson attacked protectionism, and the 1871 Specie Resumption Act was said to destroy the Greenbacks, tie currency to gold, and subordinate the republic to Londons speculative power.
    - Putting this economic policy into action during the height of the war occurred in a 3-step operation which began with Banking and Currency Acts in 1862 and 1863.
    - These acts established placed the thousands of local state banks under a federal charter with federal supervision for the first time in decades.
    - By imposing a 10% tax on state bank notes, private independent state banks shrank from 1466 in 1861 to only 297 by 1865 and over 1630 national banks took their place.
    - The Bank Act of 18 6 3 established reserve requirements for the first time, and also capped the interest rates in order to destroy usury within the nation itself.
    - In order to eliminate international interference and manipulation from Wall Street financiers, the Bank Act also forced 75% of all bank directors to reside in the state in which the bank was located and all directors had to be American citizens.
    - The most important step in this fight was the sovereign control of credit issuance which according to Article 1 section 8 of the U.
    - S. constitutional can only be affected through the U.
    - S. treasury (an important lesson for anyone serious about ending the privately run Federal Reserve controls over national finance today).
    - Following this constitutional principle, Lincoln issued a new form of currency called Greenbacks which could only be issued against U.
    - S. government bonds.
    - These began being issued with the 1862 Legal Tender Act.
    - Nationally-chartered banks were now obliged to deposit into the federal treasury totalling at least one third of their capital in exchange for government notes issued by the Mint and Treasury (in order to qualify for federal charters needed to avoid the tax on state bank activities, banks found themselves lending to the government which gave Lincoln an ability to avoid the usurious loans from London and Wall Street.)
    - New bonds were issued under this scheme called 5:20 bonds (due to their 5-20 year maturation), which citizens purchased as investments into their nations’ survival.
    - These bonds which united “personal self interest” with the general welfare of the natior provided loans to manufacturing as well as served as the basis for the issuance of more Greenbacks.
    - Organized by Lincoln’s ally Jay Cooke (a patriotic Philadelphia banker), the 5-20 bonds were sold in small denominations to average citizens who then had a vested interest in directly participating in saving their nation.
    - Between 1862-1865 these bonds accounted for $1.3 billion.
    - Lincoln described the success of this new approach to finance saying:
    - “The patriotism of the people has placed at the disposal of the government the large means demanded by the public exigencies.
    - Much of the national loan has been taken by citizens of the industrial classes, whose confidence in their country’s faith and zeal for their country's deliverance from present peril has induced them to contribute to the support of the government the whole of their limited acquisitions.
    - This fact imposes peculiar obligations to economy in disbursement and energy in action.”
    - These measures were accompanied by a strong protective tariff to grow American industries as well.
    - By the beginning of 1865, $450 million in Greenbacks were issued making up over half of all currency in circulation.
    - Greenbacks and 5-20 bonds financed not only the arming, feeding and payments to soldiers, but also the often-overlooked large scale industrial and rail programs begun during the peak of the war itself... namely the trans continental railway (started in 1863 and completed in 1869 linking for the first time in history a continent from east to west and thus liberating it from subjugation from British East India monopolies on Maritime shipping).
    - This was financed through grants and subsidies made possible by the greenbacks which increased government spending power by 300%!
    - In his 1865 essay How to Outdo England Without Fighting Her —, Lincoln’s economic advisor Henry C Carey stated: "The ‘greenback’ has fallen on the country as the dew falls, bringing with it good to all and doing injury to none."
    - Unfortunately, the subversion of Lincoln’s American System began quickly with Lincoln’s murder.
    - Rather than impose full reconstruction of the defeated south after the war as Lincoln planned, a new war was waged against Greenbacks led by the City of London and its American agents in Wall Street which ultimately subverted American productive credit with the 1871 Specie Resumption Act.
    - This act killed the greenbacks and tied the republic’s currency to gold submitting the nation to London’s speculative controls while contracting the means of credit from large scale long term infrastructure projects.
    - In his 1865 inaugural address Lincoln’s treacherous Vice-President Andrew Johnson attacked protectionism and said "Free trade with all the markets of the world is the true theory of government."
    - Contemplating the international scope of the Civil War, Lincoln stated in 1862:
    - "Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history.
    - We of this Congress, and this administration, will be remembered in spite of ourselves.
    - No personal significance, or insignificance, can spare one or another of us.
    - The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the last generation.
    - We say we are for the Union.
    - The world will not forget that we say this.
    - We know how to save the Union.
    - The world knows we know how to save it.
    - We even here-hold the power and bear the responsibility.
    - In givingfreedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free-honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve.
    - We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last, best hope of earth.
    - Other means may succeed-this could not fail.
    - The way is plain, peaceful, generous andjust-a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud and God must forever bless...
    - If we do this we shall not only have saved the Union, but we shall have so saved it, as to make, and to keep it forever worthy of the saving.
    - We shall have so saved it, that the succeeding millions of free happy people the world over shall rise up and call us blessed, to the latest generations."
- Chapter 9 - A Historical Reminder of What Defines the United States, As Told by A Former Slave
  - Chapter Summary
    - Douglass names America: The United States bears undeniable crimes of slavery, oppression, murder, and empire, but its history cannot be reduced to hypocrisy or surrendered to anarchic contempt for ordered liberty.
    - Frederick Douglass stands as a decisive witness that true freedom is won by preserving and completing the nations unfinished struggle for justice rather than abandoning it.
    - Resistance makes freedom: Born into slavery, Douglass knew early that slavery was unjust, unnatural, and murderous, and he joined that judgment to a determination to escape and learn.
    - His ordeal under Covey taught that a man must resist degradation if he is to recover his humanity, so that force used in self-defense of dignity made him inwardly free before the law recognized him as such.
    - Constitution condemns slavery: Douglass rejected the claim that the Constitution was a pro-slavery compact and concluded instead that its letter and spirit opposed slaverys extension and perpetuity.
    - Liberty was national and slavery sectional, so the proper duty was not disunion or withdrawal from political life but use of the constitutional order, including voting and public action, to abolish slavery.
    - Union serves emancipation: The preservation of the Union was not a rival to abolition but a necessary means to accomplish it, because the Republic could not endure permanently half slave and half free.
    - Douglass therefore supported black enlistment in the Union cause, pressed for equal treatment of black soldiers and protection against Confederate enslavement, and came to trust Lincoln as an honest leader whose statesmanship joined saving the country to destroying slavery.
    - Proclamation resets war: The Emancipation Proclamation openly placed the government on the side of emancipation, ended compromise with slavery, and gave the war a new governing principle.
    - Lincolns effort to make freedom effective even if peace came too soon showed, in Douglasss view, that emancipation rested on more than expediency, and his leadership became essential to restoring the Republic on the true foundation of liberty for all.
    - Justice rejects vengeance: The destruction of slavery ended any claim of personal revenge, though hatred of injustice remained.
    - Douglass refused to punish descendants for ancestral crimes, and when he later met Captain Auld on equal ground, he recognized that slavery had been a terrible social relation imposed by law and custom upon both, a relation whose end made room for shared human recognition instead of perpetual resentment.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Douglass defines America: Tumultuous days have concentrated centuries of injustice, oppression, and murder upon the United States, with many condemning its founding claims of freedom as hypocrisy rooted in slavery, genocide, and empire.
      - Great crimes against humanity cannot be denied, but history must be reviewed in full so the ongoing battle is not lost, the unfinished work of past heroes is not abandoned, and the false idol of anarchy with its empty promises of liberty is not mistaken for true freedom.
      - Frederick Douglass, former slave, adviser to Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, and later Consul General to Haiti, provides the clearest account of how to pursue that true freedom and stands as a true American hero.
    - We live in tumultuous days... one could say "the end of an era”.
    - It is clear that there is a storm coming, however, the question is will it be the sort of storm that provides sustenance and relief to drought-stricken and barren lands, or will it be the sort of storm that destroys indiscriminately and leaves nothing recognizable ir its wake?
    - There is such a heavy tension in the air, the buildup we are told of centuries of injustice, oppression and murder.
    - It feels like the entire world’s burden has laid itself upon one culprit and that it is high time that villain pay for past blood spilled.
    - That villain is the United States.
    - It is common to hear that this nation was created under the hubristic banner of “Freedom from Empire”, while it brutally owned slaves and committed genocide on the indigenous people.
    - That the "Declaration of Independence" and the "U.
    - S. Constitution” are despicable displays of the highest degree of grotesque hypocrisy, and that in reality the U.
    - S. was to replace one system of empire with another and far worse.
    - These are weighty charges indeed, and nobody can deny that great crimes against humanity have been committed.
    - However, it is important that we review this history in full, for if we lose sight of the forest, we will be losing sight of an ongoing battle that is still waging.
    - We will have abandoned the work of past heroes that has been left unfinished and will have replaced it with the false idol of anarchy, mistaking its ‘empty-promises of liberty’ as a mark of what constitutes a ‘true freedom’.
    - How can we avoid such 'empty-promises’ and strive for ‘true freedom’?
    - There is no better account in addressing such a question as that of Frederick Douglass (1817-1895), a former slave who would become an advisor to Abraham Lincoln during the dark days of the Civil War and the Consul General to Haiti in his elder years.
    - A through-and-through TRUE American hero^.
  - From Slavery to Freedom
    - Section Summary
      - Resistance restores manhood: Frederick Douglass, born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland around February 1817 as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, knew from childhood that slavery was unjust, unnatural, and murderous, and he joined that moral certainty to an early determination to escape and gain an education.
      - Sent at ten from the plantation to Baltimore through Miss Lucretias intervention, he learned to read there, but after being returned in his mid-teens to plantation life and then delivered to Covey the Negro Breaker, he endured months of relentless beating and overwork until he resolved to resist rather than live as a brute.
      - In that refusal to submit, without becoming the aggressor, his spirit rose from slaverys degradation to comparative freedom: force became essential to human dignity, resistance made him a freeman in fact though still a slave in form, and after that struggle he was never again fairly whipped.
    - Frederick Douglass was born in Talbot County, in the State of Maryland.
    - Though it was impossible to know his exact date of birth, he gathers that the month of February 1817 is as accurate as possible.
    - The name given to him by his dear mother was, in the words of Douglass “no less pretentious and long” than Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey (Frederick’s mother was believed to be the only slave in the region who knew how to read).
    - Frederick recalls that in his youth “I was just as well aware of the unjust, unnatural, and murderous character of slavery, when nine years old, as I am now.
    - Without any appeals to books, to laws, or to authorities of any kind, to regard God as ‘Our Father' condemned slavery as a crime.”
    - Already, by the age of nine, Frederick had set himself upon not only the idea of escape from this destitution but was always mindful to an education wherever he could find it.
    - Luckily, in this unhappy state his only adult friend Miss Lucretia, (daughter of Captain Anthony the slaveholder of Frederick), arranged for Frederick, at the age of ten, to be sent away from the plantations to live in Baltimore with her husband’s brother Hugh Auld.
    - It was in Baltimore that Frederick would learn how to read.
    - Years go by and at around the age of fifteen or sixteen, Frederick is sent back to the plantations (over a family squabble), and not surprisingly is found to be wholly unfit for a life of hard-labour as an obedient slave.
    - He is thus promptly sent to “Covey, The Negro Breaker” to lodge with for a period of one year.
    - For six months, Frederick was whipped and beaten on a regular basis.
    - From the dawn of day till the complete darkness in the evening, he was kept hard at work in the fields, and was worked up to the point of his powers of endurance.
    - Until one day he decides finally that it is better to resist and risk the consequences than continue to live such a contemptible life as a mere brute.
    - He decides one day to simply refuse to be treated as an animal, not to strike back but to oppose the striking.
    - As Frederick states:
    - “A man without force is without the essential dignity of humanity.
    - Human nature is so constituted, that it cannot honor a helpless man, though it can pity him, and even this it cannot do long if signs of power do not arise.
    - He only can understand the effect of this combat on my spirit, who has himself incurred something, or hazarded something, in repelling the unjust and cruel aggressions of a tyrant.
    - Covey was a tyrant and a cowardly one withal.
    - After resisting him, I felt as I had never felt before.
    - It was a resurrection from the dark and pestiferous tomb of slavery, to the heaven of comparative freedom.
    - I was no longer a servile coward, trembling under the frown of a brother worm of the dust, but my long-cowed spirit was roused to an attitude of independence.
    - I had reached the point at which I was not afraic to die.
    - This spirit made me a freeman in fact, though I still remained a slave inform.
    - When a slave cannot be flogged, he is more than half free.
    - He has a domain as broad as his own manly heart to defend, and he is really ‘a power on earth’.
    - From this time until my escape from slavery, I was never fairly whipped.
    - Several attempts were made, but they were always unsuccessful.
    - Bruised I did get, but the instance I have described was the end of the brutifica tion to which slavery had subjected me."
  - The Abolitionist Cause in Light of the Preservation of the Union
    - Section Summary
      - Constitution opposes slavery: Frederick Douglass escaped slavery, reached New York in 1838, and soon entered the abolitionist movement through William Lloyd Garrison and speaking tours recounting his experience.
      - He later broke with Garrisons doctrine because he concluded that the Constitution was not pro-slavery.
      - Douglass held that the fathers of the Republic did not intend slaverys extension or perpetuity, that liberty is national and slavery sectional, and that the Constitution in its letter and spirit was an antislavery instrument requiring slaverys abolition rather than the Unions dissolution.
      - Union aids abolition: Through the responsibility of editing The North Star, Douglass resolved to examine for himself the legal meaning, origin, design, and duties of the American constitutional order instead of relying on more learned abolitionist advisers.
      - This study led him to reject abstention from voting and to affirm preservation of the Union as a legitimate and powerful means of ending slavery.
      - He therefore treated the Constitution as a warrant for abolition in every state, and he praised Lincolns declaration that the Union could not endure half slave and half free as the statesmanlike expression of the loyal nations conviction that slavery must ultimately perish.
    - "... that the fathers of the Republic neither intended the extension nor the perpetuity of slavery and that liberty is national and slavery is sectional."
      - Frederick Douglass
    - To make a long story short, Frederick would successfully escape the South and on September 3 rd 1838, arriving in New York at the age of 21, he would finally embark on a life as a free man.
    - It would be only four or five months living in New Bedford before Douglass would meet William Lloyd Garrison, one of the most prominent leaders of the Abolitionist movement.
    - It did not take long for Douglass to be invited along their speaking tours to recount his story as a runaway slave from the South.
    - Though Douglass would owe much of his future as a great orator and writer in thanks to his Abolitionist friends who gave him a strong start in this direction and introduced him to many important figures, Douglass would eventually distance himself from the Abolitionist “scripture”.
    - This distancing was caused by Douglass’ later recognition that there was in fact, no "pro-slavery” character in the U.
    - S. Constitution as Garrison had been stating.
    - Douglass states:
    - “After a time, a careful reconsideration of the subject convinced me that there was no necessity for dissolving the union between the northern and southern states, that to seek this dissolution was not part of my duty as an abolitionist, that to abstain from voting was to refuse to exercise a legitimate and powerful means for abolishing slavery, and that the Constitution of the United States not only contained no guarantees in favor of slavery, but, on the contrary, was in its letter and spirit an antislavery instrument, demanding the abolition of slavery as a condition of its own existence as the supreme law of the land."
    - During this time, Douglass would start his own anti-slavery newspaper called "The North Star”.
    - Along with this new editorial responsibility, Douglass would no longer leave it to the “good advice” of his "more learned” Abolitionist friends, but would take the responsibility upon himself to seek out and come to know whether such assertions by the Abolitionists on the nature of the Republic were true.
    - “My new circumstances compelled me to re-think the whole subject, and to study with some care not only the just and proper rules of legal interpretation, but the origin, design, nature, rights, powers, and duties of civil governments, and also the relations which human beings sustain to it.
    - By such a course of thought and reading I was conducted to the conclusion that the Constitution of the United States - inaugurated to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty’ - could not well have been designed at the same time to maintain and perpetuate a system of rapine and murder like slavery, especially as not one word can be found in the Constitution to authorize such a belief... the Constitution of our country is our warrant for the abolition of slavery in every state of the Union... being convinced of the fact, my duty upon this point in the further conduct of my paper [The Nortl Star] was plain.”
    - Abraham Lincoln would be elected as the President of the United States on March 4 th, 1861.
    - To which Douglass stated of the occasion:
    - “It was Mr. Lincoln who told the American people at this crisis that the 'Union could not lon^ endure half slave and half free; that they must be all one or the other, and that the public mind could find no resting place but in the belief in the ultimate extinction of slavery.’
    - These were not the words of an abolitionist - branded a fanatic, and carried away by an enthusiastic devotion to the Negro - but the calm cool, deliberate utterance of a statesman, comprehensive enough to take in the welfare of the whole country...
    - In a few simple words he had embodied the thought of the loyal nation, and indicated the character fit to lead and guide the country amid perils present and to come."
  - On Meeting Lincoln
    - Section Summary
      - Union and emancipation: Douglass held that the war's mission was both the liberation of the slave and the salvation of the Union, and he came to treat preservation of the Union as necessary and not to be sacrificed for the abolitionist cause.
      - On that basis he became an early advocate for recruiting black soldiers through The North Star, believing that their service in the Union war against the Confederacy would prove their worth in the cause of emancipation.
      - Lincoln and recruiting: Black soldiers faced unequal treatment in the Union army and, if captured by the South, the danger of enslavement, which Douglass called worse than death, so he stopped recruiting when promised equal treatment came too slowly.
      - Invited to meet Lincoln, he found him honest, earnest, and worthy of trust, raised the issue of Confederate mistreatment of black prisoners, and urged retaliation, but Lincoln rejected broad retaliation as a terrible and morally revolting remedy.
      - Though not fully satisfied with Lincoln's view, Douglass was satisfied with the man and the educating course of the conflict, resumed recruiting, and judged that saving the country from dismemberment while destroying slavery and lifting millions from chattel status was a greater achievement than independence itself.
    - “I still believed, and spoke as I believed, all over the North, that the mission of the war was the liberation of the slave, as well as the salvation of the Union...”
      - Frederick Douglass
    - With this newly discovered orientation, Douglass not only put the preservation of the Union as something necessary and expedient but, most importantly, something that could not be sacrificed in striving for the Abolitionist cause.
    - Douglass would be one of the first to encourage the recruitment, through his paper "The North Star”, of black soldiers to join the Union’s war against the Confederate South.
    - The thought was that by these men joining the war, they would prove their mettle in the cause for emancipation.
    - These were hard days, since black soldiers were not given equal treatment nor protection in the Union army.
    - They also risked, if captured by the South, being enslaved, a sentence in Douglass’ words "worse than death”.
    - Douglass had been assured that equal treatment would eventually occur, but it was too slow moving in his eyes and he refused to continue recruiting black soldiers into the Union army.
    - It was at this point that Douglass was invited to meet with President Lincoln to discuss his concerns over the matter.
    - Douglass describes his first meeting with Lincoln:
    - “I was never more quickly or more completely put at ease in the presence of a great man than in that of Abraham Lincoln...
    - Long lines of care were already deeply written on Mr. Lincoln’s brow, and his strong face, full of earnestness, lighted up as soon as my name was mentioned...1 at once felt myself in the presence of an honest man - one whom I could love, honor, and trust without reserve or doubt."
    - One of the points of concern Douglass discussed with the President, was on the unfair treatment of black soldiers as POWs and suggested that the North should retaliate and commit the same treatment on their Southern POWs to dissuade this unequal treatment, to which Lincoln responded, “Retaliation was a terrible remedy, and one which it was very difficult to apply - that, if once begun, there was no telling where it would end -that if he could get hold of the Confederate soldiers who had been guilty of treating colored soldiers as felons he could easily retaliate, but the thought of hanging men for a crime perpetrated by others was revolting to his feelings...
    - Though I was not entirely satisfied with his views, I was so well satisfied with the man and with the educating tendency of the conflict I determined to go on with the recruiting."
    - Douglass reflects on his decision:
    - "It was a great thing to achieve American independence when we numbered three millions, but it was a greater thing to save this country from dismemberment and ruin when it numbered thirty millions.
    - He alone of all our presidents was to have the opportunity to destroy slavery, and to lift into manhood millions of his countrymen hitherto held as chattels and numbered with the beasts of the field."
  - The Emancipation Proclamation
    - Section Summary
      - Emancipation changed the war: On January 1, 1863, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation placed the government openly on the side of emancipation, ended compromise with slavery, and gave the war a new principle and aim.
      - Many denounced this as a reckless act that needlessly prolonged the conflict and ruined chances for peace, but Lincoln feared that peace forced too soon would leave many still enslaved.
      - In his final meeting with Douglass, he sought practical means to bring enslaved people within Union lines and make the proclamation effective even if peace were imposed, showing, in Douglasss judgment, that the measure did not arise merely from political necessity but from a deeper moral conviction against slavery.
      - Douglass therefore saw Lincolns leadership as essential to restoring the Republic on the true foundation of liberty for all, and Lincolns assassination as a common national calamity.
    - “Since William the Silent, who was the soul of the mighty war for religious liberty against Spain and the Spanish Inquisition, no leader of men has been loved and trusted in such generous measures as was Abraham Lincoln."
      - Frederick Douglass
    - Heading into the third year of the sanguinary Civil War, January 1 st 18 6 3, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
    - Douglass states of the occasion: “the formal and solemn announcement was made that thereafter the government would be found on the side of emancipation...
    - It must be the end of all compromises with slavery - a declaration that thereafter the war was to be conducted on a new principle, with a new aim."
    - It was at this point that Lincoln received criticism for extending the war unnecessarily.
    - The South was ready to make certain concessions and the North was eager to end the war.
    - By Lincoln announcing the Emancipation Proclamation, it was thought by many to be a reckless provocation making any possibility of peace fruitless.
    - On this subject, Douglass would meet with Lincoln for the last time, before he would be assassinated.
    - "The main subject on which he wished to confer with me was as to the means most desirable to be employed outside the army to induce the slaves in the rebel states to come within the deferral lines.
    - The increasing opposition to the war, in the North, and the mad cry against it, because it was being made an abolition war, alarmed Mr. Lincoln, and made him apprehensive that a peace might be forced upon him which would leave still in slavery all who had not come within our lines.
    - What he wanted was to make his proclamation as effective aspossiblt in the event of such a peace...
    - He said he was being accused of protracting the war beyond its legitimate object and failing to make peace when he might have done so to advantage.
    - He was afraid of what might come of all these complaints, but was persuaded that no solid and lasting peace could come short of absolute submission on the part of the rebels [the South]...
    - He saw the danger of premature peace...1 was the more impressed by this benevolent consideration because he before said, in answer to the peace clamor, that his object was to save the Union, and to do so with or without slavery.
    - What he said on this day showed a deeper moral conviction against slavery than I had ever seen before in anything spoken or written by him.
    - I listened with the deepest interest and profoundest satisfaction, and, at his suggestion, agreed to undertake the organizing of a band of scouts, composed of colored men, whose business should be somewhat after the original plan of John Brown, to go into the rebe states, beyond the lines of our armies, and to carry the news of emancipation, and urge the slaves to come within our boundaries.
    - ...
    - I refer to this conversation because I think that, on Mr. Lincoln’s part, it is evidence conclusive that the proclamation, so far at least as he was concerned, was not effected merely as a [political] ‘necessity’."
    - President Lincoln would be selected to continue a second term and was inaugurated on March 4 th, 1865.
    - About one month after the official end of the Civil War.
    - Lincoln would be assassinated just a mere 41 days after his second inauguration.
    - Douglass writes, "His first inauguration arrested the fall of the Republic, and the second was to restore it to enduring foundations."
    - The fact that Lincoln's leadership was savagely cut short was a tragedy for all who understood that the true foundation of the Republic was built upon the principle "liberty for all".
    - In that sad moment, when the country heard of the death of their leader who was to bring them closer to this goal, Douglass states, “We shared in common a terrible calamity, and this ‘touch of nature made us' more than countrymen, it made us ‘kin’."
  - Reflections on the Past
    - Section Summary
      - Resentment ends with slavery: Frederick Douglass treats the end of slavery as the end of personal vengeance.
      - He remains a steadfast hater of injustice and oppression, but refuses to visit upon children the sins of their fathers, because punishing later generations would destroy the good that still exists in humanity.
      - When he meets Captain Auld more than twenty-five years after escaping, he does so gladly on equal ground, no longer seeing him as a slaveholder in fact or spirit but as another person shaped by birth, education, law, and custom.
      - Their former relation belonged to a mighty current of life imposed upon both, and with slavery destroyed, the constancy of hate gives way before a recognition of shared human fate.
    - It is an utmost testament to the grace and nobility of Frederick Douglass’ character that as soon as the law and spirit of slavery had been broken, he made a point to no longer harbour hate and resentment for the past wrongs committed upon himself.
    - He recognised that humanity was indeed inherently good and would ultimately strive towards goodness if left to its natural tendency... that to punish the children of those who committed crimes before them would destroy any good that ever existed in the world.
    - Douglass recounts:
    - “If any reader of this part of my life shall see in it the evidence of a want of manly resentment for wrongs inflicted by slavery upon myself and race, and by the ancestors of..[those who once owned slaves], so it must be.
    - No man can be stronger than nature, one touch of which, we are told, makes all the world akin.
    - I esteem myself a good, persistent hater of injustice and oppression, but my resentment ceases when they cease, and I have no heart to visit upon children the sins of their father."
    - I will end here with an account of Douglass when he revisits the place where he was born a "slave” and sees his former “master” Captain Auld upon his request on his deathbed, over 25 years after Douglass had escaped to the North:
    - "But now that slavery was destroyed, and the slave and the master stood upon equal ground, I was not only willing to meet him, but was very glad to do so...
    - He was to me no longer a slaveholder either in fact or in spirit, and I regarded him as I did myself, a victim of the circumstances of birth, education, law, and custom.
    - Our courses had been determined for us, not by us.
    - We had both been flung, by powers that did not ask our consent, upon a mighty current of life, which we could neither resist, nor control.
    - By this current he was a master, and I a slave, but now our lives were verging towards a point where differences disappear, where even the constancy of hate breaks down and where the clouds of pride, passion, and selfishness vanish before the brightness of infinite light."
- Chapter 10 - Understanding the Tri-fold Nature of the Deep State
  - Chapter Summary
    - Tri-fold deep state: The deep state is a three-part apparatus formed in opposition to the republican political economy associated with Benjamin Franklin and later nationalist development.
    - Its enduring prongs are the Anglo-Canadian establishment rooted in Loyalist and later imperial circles, the Eastern Establishment or Essex Junto that served a British order while posing as constitutional, and the Virginia Junto of slaveholding aristocracy.
    - Aaron Burr is placed at the center of its early formation, its disunionist purpose, and its long continuity into later Southern and Wall Street power.
    - Canadian plot center: Lincolns assassination is presented as the product of a wider conspiracy directed through Confederate intelligence operations in British Canada rather than a lone act by Booth and a few accomplices.
    - Booths repeated presence in Montreal, his ties to Henry Starnes, Jacob Thompson, and George Sanders, and his own letter showing uncertainty about his movements are treated as evidence that he was being handled within a larger apparatus.
    - Federal authorities themselves traced the murder into Canadian-based Confederate networks, and official statements by Johnson and Stanton identified rebel figures in Canada and Richmond as organizers and procurers of the crime.
    - War beyond battlefields: The Anglo-Canadian attack on the Union operated through finance, threatened military intervention, terrorism, and covert action tied to assassination.
    - Canadian banks and Confederate financiers, joined by Wall Street interests, are said to have mounted a speculative assault on Lincolns greenback, while British policy sustained Confederate warship construction and kept the danger of direct intervention alive from Canada.
    - Terror raids across the North and the protection extended to raiders and conspirators in Montreal show that British Canada functioned as an active warfront against the Union even without open large-scale invasion.
    - Empire survived defeat: The hanging of four minor conspirators did not reach the principal forces behind Lincolns murder, because leading figures such as John Surrat and Judah Benjamin escaped under British protection.
    - After Lincoln's death, the Southern oligarchy and hard-money system were restored, reversing the greenback and development policy his camp had defended.
    - Although the Southern Confederacy lost militarily, the British North America Act of 1867 established a parallel British confederacy, and the same tri-fold network is held to have persisted later through alliances of Southern intelligence assets, Wall Street financiers, and Montreal-linked covert machinery.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Three-headed apparatus: A new political economy arose after independence under Benjamin Franklin and his disciples through protectionism, national banking, and internal improvements, while the force now called the deep state emerged as a tri-fold operation first led by Aaron Burr against that republican system.
      - Burr is presented as an arch traitor who established Wall Street, killed Alexander Hamilton, worked to dissolve the union, fled to England after exposure in 1807, lived for five years in Jeremy Benthams mansion, and then returned to direct a renewed breakup plot that erupted in 1860.
      - Its three enduring prongs are identified as the Anglo-Canadian establishment rooted in the United Empire Loyalists and later the Family Compact and Rhodes Trust circles; the Eastern Establishment or Essex Junto, which posed as loyal to the Constitution while serving a British imperial order, entered the United States into Britains opium trade against China, and promoted disunion from 1800 under Burr; and the Virginia Junto, a slave-owning aristocracy allied with Burr and the British Empire, dominant from 1828 to 1860 and later restored after the Civil War through Mazzini-connected Young Americans, Albert Pike, and a Southern establishment said to have killed nationalist presidents in 1880, 1901, and 1963.
    - Throughout the previous chapters, we have explored how a new system of political economy was established by Benjamin Franklin and his disciples in the wake of the war of independence driven by protectionism, national banking and internal improvements.
    - I hope that the case has also been made that the rise of the thing known as today’s "deef state” can also be understood as a three-headed beast which arose in its earliest incarna tion under the leadership of arch traitor Aaron Burr who established Wall Street, killed Alexander Hamilton and devoted his life to the cause of dissolving the union.
    - After having been caught in the act of sabotage, Burr escaped arrest in 1807 by running off to England where he live in Jeremy Bentham’s mansion for 5 years, only to return to oversee a new plot to break up the union that eventually boiled over in 1860.
    - The three prongs of the operation that Burr led on behalf of British intelligence, and which remains active to this very day, can loosely be described as follows:
    - • The Anglo-Canadian establishment that arose in the wake of the "United Empire Loyalists” who left the rebelling colonies in 1776 to found English speaking Canada and who were soon labelled as the "Family Compact”^ by republican revolutionary William Lyon Mackenzie and which ultimately managed the eventual creation of the Rhodes Trust under George Parkin and his heirs.^
    - • The Eastern Establishment families sometimes known as the Essex Junto who took control of Hamilton’s Federalist Party.
    - These were Empire Loyalists who remained within the USA under the illusion of loyalty to the constitution, but always adherent to a British Imperial world order and devoted to eventually undermining it from within.
    - These were the circles that brought the USA into Britain’s Opium trade against China as junior partners in crime and who promoted the dissolution of the union as early as 1800 under the leadership of Aaron Burr.
    - • The "Virginia Junto”, slave owning aristocracy which also worked with Aaron Burr in his 1807 secessionist plot and whose alliance with the British Empire was instrumental in its rise to power from 1828-1860.
    - This was the structure that soon returned to power, after the civil war, under the guiding hand of such Mazzini-connected "Young Americans” as KKK founder Albert Pike^l and the Southern establishment that later executed nationalist presidents in 1880,1901 and in 1963.
  - Some Uncomfortable Questions
    - Section Summary
      - Booth was connected: Lincolns murder did not arise from a single lone gunman, because Booths Montreal ties point to a larger plot.
      - He had a $500 bank draft signed by Ontario Bank of Montreal President Henry Starnes when his hotel room was searched, he spent at least five weeks in Montreal in fall 1864 associating with Starnes and Confederate spy leaders Jacob Thompson and George Sanders, and these activities sat within extensive Southern Confederacy secret service operations in Montreal, Toronto, and Halifax under Judah Benjamin and British intelligence handlers.
      - Booths own October 28, 1864 letter, saying he had been in Montreal for weeks and that not even myself knew when he would return, shows his ignorance of the process controlling him.
    - The story has been told of Lincoln’s murder in tens of thousands of books and yet more often than not the narrative of a “single lone gunman” is imposed onto the story by researchers who are either too lazy or too corrupt to look for the evidence of a larger plot.
    - How many of those popular narratives infused into the western Zeitgeist over the decades even acknowledge the simple fact that John Wilkes Boothe was in the possession of a $500 bank draft signed by Ontario Bank of Montreal President Henry Starnes (later to become Montreal Mayor) when authorities searched his hotel room after Lincoln’s murder?
    - How many people have been exposed to the vast Southern Confederacy secret service operations active throughout the civil war in Montreal, Toronto and Halifax which was under the firm control of Confederate Secretary of State Judah Benjamin and his handlers in British intelligence?
    - How many people know that Boothe spent at least 5 weeks in the fall of 1864 in Montreal associating closely with the highest echelons of British and Southern intelligence including Starnes, and both confederate spy leaders Jacob Thompson and George Sanders?
    - Demonstrating his total ignorance of the process that controlled him, Booth wrote to a friend on October 28,1864: “I have been in Montreal for the last 3 or 4 weeks and no one (not even myself) knew when I would return".
  - On The Trail of the Assassins
    - Section Summary
      - Canadian direction: Federal authorities traced Lincolns assassination into Confederate intelligence networks operating from Canada, even though the immediate result was the hanging of four low-level coconspirators treated here as patsies like John Wilkes Booth.
      - Johnsons proclamation named Jefferson Davis, Jacob Thompson, Clement C. Clay, Beverly Tucker, George N. Sanders, William C. Cleary, and other rebels in Canada as having incited and procured the murder, while Stanton stated that the Department had information the crime was organized in Canada and approved at Richmond.
      - Canadian Confederate operations were known at the time, and Montreal is presented as a center where figures such as George Sanders and Jacob Thompson handled Booth within a broader Confederate Secret Service apparatus in British Canada that, sustained by Richmond funding and blockade-running profits, waged a multi-pronged campaign against Lincolns defense of the Union alongside Wall Street bankers.
    - After Lincoln was murdered, a manhunt to track down the intelligence networks behind the assassination was underway that eventually led to the hanging of four low level coconspirators who history has shown were just as much patsies as John Wilkes Boothe.
    - Days later, President Johnson issued a proclamation saying:
    - “It appears from evidence in the Bureau of Military Justice that the... murder of...
    - Abraham Lincoln...
    - [was] incited, concerted, and procured by and between Jefferson Davis, late of Richmond, Va., and Jacob Thompson, Clement C. Clay, [Nathaniel] Beverly Tucker, George N. Sanders, William C. Cleary, and other rebels and traitors against the government of the United States harbored in Canada."^
    - Two days before Booth was shot, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton wrote: "This Department has information that the President’s murder was organized in Canada and approved a\ Richmond."^
    - Knowledge of Canada’s confederate operations was well known to the federal authorities in those days even though the majority among leading historians today are totally ignorant of this fact.
    - George Sanders remains one of the most interesting figures among Booth’s handlers in Canada.
    - As a former Ambassador to England under the presidency of Franklin Pierce (1853-1857), Sanders was a close friend of international anarchist Giuseppe Mazzini - the founder of the Young Europe movement.
    - Sanders who wrote "Mazzini and Young Europe" in 1852, had the honor of being a leading member of the southern branch of the Young America Movement^ (while Ralph Waldo Emerson was a self-proclaimed leadei of the northern branch of Young America^).
    - Jacob Thompson, who was named in the Johnson dispatch above, was a former Secretary of the Interior under President Pierce, handler of Booth and acted as the top controller of the Confederacy secret service in Montreal.
    - In Montreal City of Secrets (2017)®, historian Barry Sheehy proves that not only was British Canada a hotbed of Confederate Secret Services, but also coordinated a multi pronged war from the emerging "northern confederacy” onto Lincoln’s defense of the union alongside Wall Street bankers while the president was fighting militarily to stop the southern secession.
    - Sheehy writes:
    - "By 1863, the Confederate Secret Service was well entrenched in Canada.
    - Funding came from Richmond via couriers and was supplemented by profits from blockade running."
  - The Many Shapes of War from the North
    - Section Summary
      - Northern warfront widened: The Anglo-Canadian war on the Union operated through several components short of open full-scale engagement: financial warfare, threatened direct military intervention, terrorism, and assassination-linked covert operations.
      - Canadian banks served Confederate and British purposes by funding warship construction and channeling British cash, while Montreal-based Confederate bankers John Porterfield and George Payne, together with JP Morgan, waged a speculative attack on Lincolns greenback.
      - After Salmon Chase tied the greenback to a London-controlled gold standard, a coordinated selloff of gold to London drove up gold prices, collapsed the U.S. dollar, and crippled Lincolns ability to finance the war.
      - British collusion persisted: Direct British intervention was nearly triggered by the Trent Crisis, but Lincoln refused a second front and insisted on one war at a time.
      - London still stationed more than 10,000 soldiers in Canada, while the Russian fleets presence on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts warned both Britain and Napoleon IIIs France to stay out; yet Britain continued building Confederate warships and later paid $15.5 million under the Alabama Claims.
      - Confederate terror raids struck northern targets from Vermont to Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit, Sandusky, Pennsylvania, and the Mississippi, and Montreal authorities released the St. Albans raiders by treating them as agents of a sovereign belligerent.
      - The assassination nexus also ran through Montreal: Booth carried a note signed by Ontario Bank president Henry Starnes, stayed at St. Lawrence Hall, the Confederacys main headquarters in Canada, and moved among Confederates, Copperheads, anti-Lincoln Republicans, and Wall Street agents, while Anton Chaitkin traced Booths funds to a London transfer arranged by Confederate secret service chief James D. Bulloch, who also organized British construction and crewing of Confederate warships under imperial protection.
    - Although not having devolved to direct military engagement, the Anglo-Canadian war on the Union involved several components:
    - Financial warfare: The major Canadian banks dominant in the 19 th century were used not only by the confederacy to pay British operations in the construction of war ships, but also to receive much needed infusions of cash from British Financiers throughout the war.
    - A financial war on Lincoln’s greenback was waged under the control of Montreal based confederate bankers John Porterfield and George Payne and also JP Morgan to "short” the greenback.
    - By 1864, the subversive traitor Salmon Chase had managed to tie the greenback to a (London controlled) gold standard thus making its value hinge upon gold speculation.
    - During a vital moment of the war, these financiers coordinated a mass "sell off” of gold to London driving up the price of gold and collapsing the value of the U.
    - S. dollar crippling Lincoln’s ability to fund the war effort.
    - Direct Military intervention Thwarted: As early as 1861, the Trent Crisis®1 nearly induced a hot war with Britain when a union ship intervened onto a British ship in international waters and arrested two high level confederate agents en route to London.
    - Knowing that a two-fold war at this early stage was unwinnable, Lincoln pushed back against hot heads within his own cabinet who argued for a second front saying "one war at a time”.
    - Despite this near miss, London wasted no time deploying over 10,000 soldiers to Canada for the duration of the war ready to strike down upon the Union at a moment’s notice and kept at bay in large measure due to the bold intervention of the Russian fleet to both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the USA^.
    - This was a clear message to both England and to Napoleon Ill’s France (who were stationed across the Mexican border) to stay out of America’s war.
    - Despite Russia’s intervention, Britain continued to build warships for the Confederacy which devastated the Union navy during the war and which England had to pay $ 15.5 million to the USA in 18 7 2 under the Alabama Claims.
    - Terrorism: It is less well known today than it was during the 19 th century that confederate terror operations onto the north occurred throughout the civil war with raids on Union POW camps, efforts to burn popular New York hotels, blowing up ships on the Mississippi, and the infamous St Albans raid of October 1964 on Vermont and attacks on Buffalo, Chicago, Sandusky, Ohio, Detroit, and Pennsylvania.
    - While the St Albans raiders were momentarily arrested in Montreal, they were soon released under the logic that they represented a "sovereign state” at conflict with another “sovereign state” with no connection with Canada.
    - Assassination: I already mentioned that a $550 note was found in Boothe’s possession with the signature of Ontario Bank president Henry Starnes which the failed actor would have received during his October 1864 stay in Montreal.
    - What I did not mention is that Booth stayed at the St Lawrence Hall Hotel which served as primary headquarters for the Confederacy from 1863-65.
    - Describing the collusion of Northern Copperheads, anti-Lincoln republicans, and Wall Street agents, Sheehy writes:
    - “All of these powerful northerners were at St. Lawrence Hall rubbing elbows with the Confederates who used the hotel as an unofficial Headquarters.
    - This was the universe in which John Wilkes Booth circulated in Canada."
    - In a 2014 expose^, historian Anton Chaitkin, points out that the money used by Boothe came directly from a $31,507.97 transfer from London arranged by the head of European confederate secret service chief James D. Bulloch.
    - It is no coincidence that Bulloch happens to also be the beloved uncle and mentor of the same Teddy Roosevelt who became the president over the dead body of Lincoln-follower William McKinley (assassinated in 1901).
    - In his expose, Chaitkin wrote:
    - “James D. Bulloch was the maternal uncle, model and strategy-teacher to future U.
    - S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
    - He emerged from the shadows of the Civil War when his nephew Teddy helped him to organize his papers and to publish a sanitized version of events in his 1883 memoir, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe.
    - Under the protection of imperial oligarchs such as Lord Salisbury and other Cecil family members, working in tandem with Britain’s military occupation of its then-colony Canada, Bulloch arranged English construction and crewing for Confederate warships that notoriously preyed upon American commerce."
    - Confederate spy master James (left) with his younger half-brother, Irvine Bulloch, c.
    - 1865
  - The Truth is Buried Under the Sands of History
    - Section Summary
      - Assassins Shielded: Lincolns murder did not end with the hanging of four low-level members of Booths cell, because the real orchestrators escaped justice through a wider Confederate-British nexus.
      - John Surrat avoided execution, obtained mysteriously funded bail, fled to London, and was protected when British authorities ignored American demands for his arrest.
      - Judah Benjamin likewise escaped to England, while Jefferson Davis publicly urged attachment to British principles and the coming British Confederation.
      - After Lincolns death and Thaddeus Stevenss removal, the southern oligarchy was restored through the KKK and renewed Southern Rite Freemasonry, while Lincolns Greenback system was sabotaged through hard-money measures culminating in the Specie Resumption Act and later the Federal Reserve Act.
      - Although the Southern Confederacy failed, Britains parallel confederacy succeeded through the British North America Act of 1867, blocking the sovereign, infrastructure-driven multipolar order Lincolns followers sought and reimposing war and empire.
      - This same tri-fold Deep State later fought Roosevelt and Henry Wallace, ran Kennedys assassination, and operated through a network joining Southern intelligence assets, Wall Street financiers, and the Montreal-based Permindex apparatus descended from MI6s Camp X.
    - While four low level members of Booth’s cell were hanged on July 7, 1865 after a four month show trial^l, the actual orchestrators of Lincoln’s assassination were never brought to justice with nearly every leading member of the confederate leadership having escaped to England in the wake of Lincoln’s murder.
    - Even John Surrat (who was among the eight who faced trial) avoided hanging when his case was dropped, and his $25,000 bail was mysteriously paid by an anonymous benefactor unknown to this day.
    - After this, Surrat escaped to London where the U.
    - S. Consuls demands for his arrest were ignored by British authorities.
    - Confederate spymaster Judah Benjamin escaped arrest and lived out his days as a Barrister in England, and Confederate President Jefferson Davies speaking to adoring fans in Quebec in June 1867 encouraged the people to reject the spread of republicanism and instead embrace the new British Confederation scheme that would soon be imposed weeks latent Davies spoke to the Canadian band performing Dixie at the Royal Theater: "I hope that you will holdfast to their British principles and that you may ever strive tc cultivate close and affectionate connections with the mother country".
    - With the loss of Lincoln, and the 1868 death of Thaddeus Stevens, Confederate General Albert Pike established restoration of the southern oligarchy^ and sabotage of Lincoln’s restoration with the rise of the KKK, and renewal of Southern Rite Freemasonry.
    - Over the ensuing years, an all out assault was launched on Lincoln’s Greenbacks culminating in the Specie Resumption Act of 18 75 tying the U.
    - S. financial system to Britisl "hard money” monetarism and paving the way for the later financial coup known as the Federal Reserve Act of 1913^.
    - While the Southern Confederacy plot ultimately failed, Britain’s "other confederacy operation launched in 1864 was successfully consolidated with the British North Amer ica Act of July 1,18 6 7^.
    - The hoped-for extension of trans continental rail lines througl British Columbia and into Alaska and Russia were sabotaged as told in the Real Story Behind the Alaska Purchase of 1867 [see chapter 11].
    - Instead of witnessing a new world system of sovereign nation states under a multipolai order of collaboration driven by international infrastructure projects as Lincoln’s followers like William Seward, Ulysses Grant, James Blaine, William Gilpin and President McKinley envisioned, a new age of war and empire re-asserted itself throughout the 20 th century.
    - It was this same trifold Deep State that contended with Franklin Roosevelt and his patriotic Vice President Henry Wallace for power during the course of WWII, and it was this same beast that ran the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963^.
    - As New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison demonstrated in his book On the Trail of the Assassins (1991)1^, Kennedy’s murder was arranged by a complex assassination network that brought into play Southern secret intelligence assets in Louisiana, and Texas, Wall Street financiers, and a strange assassination bureau based in Montreal named Permindex under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Louis Mortimer Bloomfield.
    - This was the same intelligence operation that grew out of MI 6’s Camp X in Ottawa during WWII^l and changed its name but not its functions during the Cold War.
    - This is the same British Imperial complex that has been attempting to undo the watershed moment of 1776 for over 240 years.
- Chapter 11 - The Real Story Behind the Alaska Purchase
  - Chapter Summary
    - Sale served renewal: The Alaska Purchase grew out of Russias post-Crimean effort to reverse the ruinous expansionism associated with Nicholas I and to reorganize the empire under Alexander II.
    - Reformers around the Czar identified British world strategy as the chief danger and treated cooperation with the United States as essential to Russias recovery, alongside internal measures such as the emancipation of the serfs.
    - Cession checked Britain: Russian leaders concluded that Alaska could not be defended indefinitely against the rise of the United States and that a voluntary transfer would strengthen a power capable of counterbalancing Britain.
    - Canada, especially vulnerable British Columbia with its annexationist currents and economic pull toward California, figured as a British lever against Russian-American friendship, so cession became the prudent means to weaken that lever rather than lose Alaska later without strategic gain.
    - Union alliance mattered: Russias support for the Union during the Civil War formed the immediate political background of the sale.
    - While British interests backed the Confederacy and pressed financial war against Lincoln, Russia insisted on preserving the United States as an indivisible nation and in 1863 sent naval forces to American coasts to deter British and French intervention, deepening the understanding that both countries benefited from concerted action.
    - Treaty advanced rapidly: Once Russia authorized negotiations in 1866, Stoeckl and Seward completed the agreement with extraordinary speed in a single night on March 29-30, 1867, fixing the price at $7.2 million and securing congressional approval soon afterward.
    - The transaction was treated not as an isolated land bargain but as a major diplomatic stroke within the larger postwar contest over the political future of North America, including Britains effort to consolidate Canada through the British North America Act and later continental commitments.
    - Pacific future opened: The purchase was bound up with a wider American and Russian orientation toward the Pacific, transcontinental rail development, and connection with China.
    - Sumner, Seward, Grant, and later Gilpin linked Alaska, the Pacific railroad, Russia, the Bering Strait, and China to a continental and eventually world transport system that would break British manipulation, develop Alaska by national infrastructure, and help bring East Asia, North America, and Eurasia into a new cooperative order.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Russian renewal: The Alaska sale arose from a higher struggle over Russias destiny, not from isolated practical calculation.
      - Against the expansionist current that had driven Nicholas I into ruinous adventures against the Ottoman Empire and into the Anglo-French trap of the Crimean War, a new leadership under Alexander II elevated men such as Grand Duke Constantine, Muraviev, Gorchakov, and Ambassador Stoeckl and adopted a doctrine that recognized the British Empires destructive global strategy and the importance of partnership with America.
      - Alexander IIs internal reforms, including the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, expressed this broader effort to renew Russia after humiliation and decline.
      - Strategic cession: Alaska was sold because Russian statesmen judged that Russia could not hold its North American possessions against the expanding United States and that a Russian-American alignment threatened British power.
      - Britain feared that friendship between the two nations could overturn its hegemony, and one of its chief levers for preventing that union was Canada, especially the weak and isolated colony of British Columbia, whose economic ties already ran more to California than to Britain and where annexationist sentiment was strong.
      - Stoeckl, Grand Duke Constantine, and Muraviev each concluded that the United States would inevitably dominate North America and seize Russian America if Russia tried to retain it, making cession the prudent course.
    - The sale of Alaska stands out as an incomprehensible historical anomaly for many who choose to see history merely as a sequence of linear events determined by "practical decision making”.
    - The failure to recognize higher organizing principles shaping humanity's collective experience as a universal process has blinded many historians from recognizing the true dynamic from which such a decision sprung and which could only be recognized from a top down perspective.
    - Just as 19 th century America suffered from an internal struggle between factions who interpreted the Constitution in diametrically opposing ways, so too did the Russian state feature a similar battle between forces who saw Russia’s destiny likened to a 3 rd Roman Empire in opposition to forces who saw Russia’s destiny as a sovereign nation state meant to exemplify the highest moral and intellectual powers that human society had attained.
    - These figures, of whom several will shortly be showcased, represented the best traditions set into motion by the Leibnizian reforms of Peter the Great^J (Czar from 1682 until 1725).
    - As Russian expansionism was promoted by opportunist forces dominating the government of Czar Nicholas I (Czar from 1825-1855) who chased after Ottoman possessions in their obsession to expand Russian influence in Central Asia, the seeds of Russia’s selfdestruction were being sown.
    - While Russian expansionists were expecting the easy capture of territories long held by a failing Ottoman empire, what they found was a spiders’ web of Anglo-French intrigue and traps which nearly destroyed the proud nation during the bloody Crimean War^ (October 1853 to February 1856).
    - The war’s outcome saw Russia humiliated, indebted and crippled morally and physically.
    - In response to this failure, a new breed of statecraft arose as an enlightened Czar (Alexander II) took the reins from the deceased Nicholas in 1854.
    - With his leadership, statesmen such as the Grand Duke Constantine (Alexander’s brother), General Nikolai Muraviev, Foreign Minister Gorchakov and the great Russian Ambassador to America Eduard de Stoeckl gained a new level of influence and a new foreign policy doctrine was created.
    - This doctrine was exemplified by an enhanced appreciation of the destructive role of the British Empire’s global strategy and the importance of America as a collaborator and partner.
    - Alexander II quickly began tackling endemic corruption and worked to transform Russia by freeing the serfs in 18 61 earning him the namesake “the Great Liberator”.
    - Although America had fallen into a Civil War by 18 61, the British Empire which had done so much to keep the world subdued during the Crimean War, Opium Wars, and suppression of vast Indian uprisings was petrified that a Russian-American friendship would set into motion a great power alliance capable of undoing its global hegemony.
    - One of the few means Britain had to keep these two historic allies from uniting remained its territories of Canada and especially the colony of British Columbia.
    - This colony was then an isolated and bankrupt outpost on the west coast separated by 3000 km of undeveloped wilderness privately owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company [see map].
    - British Columbia’s primary economic connection was not Britain, but rather California and a large movement of colonists had been calling for separation from the Empire in order to annex to the then-prosperous USA.
    - In 1860, Ambassador Stoeckl wrote to the Czar: "If the United States should win mastery of our possessions then British Oregon (British Columbia) would be squeezed together by the Americans from the north and south and would hardly be able to escape”.^
    - Grand Duke Constantine echoed Stoeckl saying: "the United States of North America should in the course of events be eager to conquer all of North America and will therefore meet us sooner or later and there is not the slightest doubt that it will seize our colonies with out great effort and we shall be in no possession to retain them".^
    - As early as 1853, General Mikhail Muraviev had already promoted Russia's sale to Alask; in a letter to the Czar stating: "Due to the present amazing development of railroads, the United States will soon spread over all North America.
    - We must face the fact that we will have to cede our North American possessions to them."^
  - The Civil War and Russia
    - Section Summary
      - Russia backed Union: By 1862 the Civil War had turned sharply against Lincoln as British corporations, the Foreign Office, and banks supported the Confederacy and waged financial warfare against the Union.
      - Russia opposed any disintegration of the United States because the American confederation served as a counterpoise to British power and remained an important element in the balance of power, so Stoeckl affirmed the preservation of the Union as an indivisible nation.
      - This support became decisive in 1863 when Czar Alexander II deployed the Russian navy to the California and Atlantic coasts, deterring British and French open intervention on behalf of the Confederacy; by December 26, 1864, with Union victory emerging, Seward urged Grand Duke Constantine to come to America on terms he said would benefit both the United States and Russia.
    - By 1862 the Civil War had begun in full force and with British corporations and Foreign Office supporting of the Confederacy (and banks launching financial warfare launched against the Union), tides had quickly turned against Lincoln.
    - As the world watched with bated breath Ambassador Stoeckl wrote to Gorchakov:
    - "The disintegration of the United States as a nation would from our point of view be something to be deplored.
    - The American confederation has acted as a counterpoise to British power and in this sense, its continued existence constitutes an important element in the balance of power."
    - He continued that he desired "the preservation of the American Union as an indivisible nation."^
    - Surely the outcome of the Civil War would have been much darker had it not been for Czar Alexander H’s deployment of the Russian navy to California and Atlantic coasts of America in 1863 which kept British and French forces from assisting the confederacy in open warfare against Lincoln.
    - By December 26,1864 as the outcome of the war in favor of the union was blossoming, Secretary of State William Seward encouraged the Grand Duke Constantine to come to America with the following words “I think it would be beneficial to us, and by no means unprofitable to Russia.
    - I forebear from specifying my reasons- They will readily occur to you, as they would to his imperial highness if his thoughts were turned in that direction."^
  - The Sale of Alaska Consummated
    - Section Summary
      - Overnight treaty completed: Russia authorized Ambassador Stoeckl in 1866 to initiate Alaskas sale to America, and on the evening of March 29, 1867 he brought the news to William Seward in Washington.
      - Seward refused delay, opened the State Department at midnight with Stoeckl, Senator Charles Sumner, and trusted Russian and American participants, and by sunrise on March 30 the treaty had been written, fixing the price at $7.2 million.
      - Congress, though shocked, passed it in the following weeks.
      - Seward called it the most important diplomatic maneuver of his life, distinguished by being conceived, initiated, prosecuted, and completed without prior protocols or dispatches.
    - In 1866, Stoeckl was called back to Russia and after a lengthy meeting with Czar Alexander II, the Grand Duke Constantine, the Foreign Ministers and Finance Minister, was given approval to initiate the sale of Alaska to America.
    - On the evening of March 29,1867, Ambassador Stoeckl delivered the news to William Seward at his private residence in Washington D.
    - C. When asked if Seward wished to convene a meeting the following day, the Secretary of State asked why wait until tomorrow what could be done that very evening?
    - At midnight, the office of the state department was opened with a select group of Senator Charles Sumner, Seward and a few trusted members from the Russian consulate alongside Stoeckl.
    - As the sun rose on March 30, the treaty was written finalizing the sale for $7.2 million and before the ink was dry, it was presented to a shocked Congress who passed it in the following weeks.
    - Seward himself described the treaty as the most important diplomatic maneuver of his life saying "this treaty stands alone in the history of diplomacy, as an important treaty conceived, initiated and prosecuted and completed without being preceded or attended by protocols or dispatches".^
  - Events Move Fast in the Post-Civil War Years
    - Section Summary
      - British Countermove: Britain moved after the Civil War to block pro-American currents in Canada and prevent annexation to the United States.
      - The 1867 British North America Act established a northern monarchy, and after the Alabama Claims exposed British military support for the Confederacy, Sumner and Seward sought the cession of Britains remaining North American possessions.
      - Britain instead shored up its Pacific colony by purchasing Hudson Bay lands in 1870, canceling debts, and promising a railroad to the Pacific, completed in 1885 amid major corruption, while Russia advanced its own transcontinental railway with American engineering support.
      - The alignment of the Alaska purchase with these continental rail projects is presented as no accident, since the same key figures operated on both sides of the ocean.
    - In order to prevent pro-American forces in Canada from declaring independence from a weakened Empire, the 1867 British North America Act was signed establishing a northern Monarchy on Deep State principles for the next 160 years.
    - The British hand behind the Civil War was exposed for all the world to see in the Alabama Claims of 18 7 2^221 (the world’s first international trial) finding the British government guilty of militarily supporting the confederacy.
    - In recompense for this crime, Sumner and Seward wanted the British to cede all of their remaining possessions in North America.
    - Such an act would certainly have given great fuel to the connection of the Trans Continental Railway begun during the height of the Civil War and completed in 1869- with Eurasia.
    - Desperate to keep its independently-minded colony from annexing to America, the Brit ish Foreign office offered a bribe to its Pacific colony.
    - A desperate Britain purchased the private Hudson Bay lands in 1870, cancelled the colony’s debts and promised to build a railroad from Ontario to the Pacific which was finally done, albeit with vast scales of corruption, in 1885.
    - Russia had by this time positioned itself to begin construction of its own transcontinental railroad with the help of American engineers which was finally completed 1905 under the leadership of “American System” follower count Sergei Witted^l.
    - On its maiden voyage the Trans-Siberian rail saw Philadelphia-made train cars run across the Russian heartland^^, and it is no accident that all of the key players involved in the Alaska purchase were also involved in the Russian continental rail program on both sides of the ocean.
  - The China Connection
    - Section Summary
      - China linked destiny: Charles Sumner and William Seward tied Americas future to China through commerce, migration, education, and transcontinental development.
      - The Seward-Burlingham Treaty of 1868 granted free emigration and travel, reciprocal educational access, and favored nation status in trade, and its effects reached beyond its later annulment by bringing Chinese revolutionaries to America, including Sun Yat-sen.
      - Sumner explicitly joined the Alaska Purchase and the Pacific railroad to the aim of uniting East Asia with the American West, casting the railroad as a new highway to the East, while Grant supported this internationalization of the American system alongside reconstruction and reconciliation.
      - Alaska opened Eurasia: William Gilpin gave the fullest expression to this design by treating the transcontinental railroad, Alaska, the Bering Strait, Russia, and China as parts of a single world railway system.
      - He argued that America had to develop Alaska through nationally directed infrastructure and law in order to escape British manipulation, and he maintained that Alaskas resources would more than repay a world-encircling rail connection welcomed by Russia.
      - Gilpin also held that Chinas awakening would renew the West, and this larger vision advanced far enough that Czar Nicholas II approved an American feasibility study in 1906 for a Trans-Siberian-Alaska railroad by bridge and tunnel across the Bering Strait; after the project was disrupted by the overthrow of the Czar, Russian and Chinese cooperation later returned it to the agenda as a revived chance for Gilpins New Paradigm.
    - Both Charles Sumner and William Seward were also strong advocates of uniting America’s destiny with China.
    - Seward and U.
    - S. Consul to Beijing, General Anson Burlingham, worked in tandem with Seward’s son George Frederick Seward (U.
    - S. Consul to Shanghai) to organize the Seward-Burlingham Treaty of 1868 with China, giving China free emigration and travel in America, reciprocal access to education for citizens living in the others’ country, and favored nation status with the United States on traded^.
    - While treacherous politicians later annulled this treaty, its existence brought a new generation of Chinese revolutionaries to America including a young student named Sun Yat-sen who would later lead a revolution in 1911®, establishing a new Chinese republic upon the Three Principles elaborated first by Abraham Lincoln!
    - Senator Sumner expressed his understanding of America’s connection with China and the Trans-continental railroad during his 1867 speech in defense of the Alaska Purchase'll^:
    - “To unite the East of Asia with the West of America is the aspiration of commerce now as when the English navigator (Meares) recorded his voyage.
    - Of course, whatever helps this result is an advantage.
    - The Pacific railroad is such an advantage; for, though running westward, it will be, when completed, a new highway to the East."
    - When President Ulysses Grant came to power in 1869, he gave much support to this internationalization of the American system while also fighting valiantly to advance Lincoln’s plans for reconstruction and reconciliation with an emancipated America.
    - Lincoln’s former body guard and first Governor of Colorado William Gilpin was not least among this group.
    - Gilpin had been known as one of the earliest champions of America’s Trans Continental Railroad from as early as 1846 and his hundreds of speeches, published maps and writings went further than any other statesman to concretize what those international public works would look like.
    - Describing his grand design for international public works, Gilpin wrote in his widely read 1890 magnum opus ‘The Cosmopolitan Railway':
    - “Railways continue to extend themselves, soon to become a universal system over all the lands of the globe.
    - We have seen the energies of the American people, bringing into line and into use these new powers, span their continent with the Pacific railways... they will continue to expand their work to Bering Straits, where all the continents are united.
    - This will extend itself along similarly propitious thermal selvage of the oriental Russian coasts into China.
    - To prolong this unbroken line of cosmopolitan railways along the latitudinal plateau of Asia, to Moscow and to London, will not have long delay.
    - The less significant and isolated continents of the southern hemisphere- South America, Africa, and Australasia- will be reached by feeders through Panama, Suez and the chain of Oriental peninsulas and islands.
    - The whole area and all the populations of the globe will be thus united and fused by land travel and railway.’’^^.
    - Gilpin re-iterated his view that it was only by embracing its promethean heritage and fully committing to develop Alaska that America could avoid falling back under British manipulation.
    - As applicable then as it is to today’s emerging Four Power alliance and expanding Belt and Road Initiative, Gilpin knew that national institutions must stay in the driver’s seat when he said:
    - "Twenty four years have already elapsed since we first assumed the responsibility of ownership, and since then what have we done?
    - What improvement have we made upon the condition of life, the stolid, animal existence of the half civilized Russians and Aleuts!
    - None whatsoever....
    - Place Alaska on the line of a world-encircling railway, give her a special code of laws befitting her requirements, and men of enterprise and capital to develop her resources, and she would pay for the road five times over.
    - There is every reason to believe tha> Russia would hail the opening of her great eastern interior with joy.
    - She would have everything to gain by it and nothing to lose...
    - Since the time of Peter the Great, the ambition of Russian rulers has been not only to extend their possessions, but to improve the conditions Oj those who inhabit them.”
    - Within his 1890 book, Gilpin again continuously emphasized his long held belief that the inevitable awakening of China would be the basis for renewal and salvation of the west:
    - “In Asia, a civilization resting on a basis of remote antiquity has had, indeed, a long pause but a certain civilization- although hitherto hermetically sealed up from European influence- has continued to exist.
    - The ancient Asiatic colossus, in a certain sense, needed only to be awakened to new life, and European Culture finds a basis there on which it can build future reforms”.
    - By 1906, Czar Nicholas II of Russia supported the plan for the American-Russian Bering Strait tunnel, officially approving a team of American engineers to conduct a feasibility study.
    - A New York Times article reported on March 27,1906^^:
    - “The Czar of Russia has issued an order authorizing the American syndicate, represented by Baron Loicq de Lobel, to begin work on the Trans-Siberian-Alaska railroad project.
    - The plan is to build a railroad from Siberia to Alaska by bridging and tunneling the Bering Strait.
    - It is said that the enterprise will be capitalized at from $250 to $300 million and that the money centers of Russia, France and the United States will be asked to take bonds."
    - While the Anglo-American financed revolution deposed of the Czar and his family by 1917, the Russian government under the guidance of Vladimir Putin, working in tandem with Xi Jinping’s China have put the project back onto the agenda the vision of Gilpin’s New Paradigm is being given a new chance at life.
- Chapter 12 - Why Russia Saved the United States
  - Chapter Summary
    - Opinion can be captured: The republic is most exposed when public opinion is misdirected, because power follows opinion where opinion rules.
    - Falsehood can be made to pass for truth, enemies can be mistaken for friends, and the nations real interests can be hidden while honest citizens remain comparatively passive and organized selfish interests labor incessantly to mislead a public in which few think independently.
    - Liberation required union: Alexander IIs emancipation of more than 23 million serfs and Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation belonged to the same liberating current.
    - Lincolns delay did not show indifference to slavery, but the necessity of saving a Union already near dismemberment, and his record, recognized even by Frederick Douglass, showed settled hostility to slavery as a monstrous injustice.
    - Britain backed slavery: Britain favored the Confederacy because the Southern slave economy served its political and commercial interests as a source of raw material and a market for manufactures.
    - Slave cotton stood at the center of this cheap-labor imperial system, while Russia alone among the great powers openly supported the Union and warned that its breakup would invite further fragmentation.
    - Russia deterred intervention: In 1863 Russia made its support effective by sending naval squadrons to both American coasts while Britain and France weighed intervention for the Confederacy.
    - Alexander II was prepared to treat Anglo-French recognition of Confederate independence as a cause for war, and the fleets seven-month presence helped prevent foreign interference without direct entry into the Civil War.
    - Hamiltonian development mattered: Russia acted chiefly to prevent Great Britain from gaining supremacy through a broken United States and to preserve the American or Hamiltonian system of political economy.
    - That system of national credit, banking, internal improvements, manufacturing, machine-tool industry, and rail was studied in Russia as the practical anti-imperial alternative to slavery and British maritime domination.
    - Russia adopted the model: Russian development policy consciously drew on the American System through rail building, economic doctrine, and industrial strategy.
    - From Whistlers work on the Saint Petersburg-Moscow Railway to Careys influence in St. Petersburg, Wittes tariff and railway policies, the Trans-Siberian project built with American advice and materials, and even the approved Bering Strait tunnel study, Russia pursued a continental developmental outlook shaped by American example.
    - The world split in two: The same American model influenced protective and nation-building efforts in Germany, Japan, China, and beyond, but this anti-imperial course was repeatedly broken by assassinations and soft-coups against its leading defenders.
    - Two systems still confront one another: the English system of pauperism, depopulation, barbarism, and war, and the American system of rising wealth, intelligence, civilization, and peace, with the outcome depending on present action.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Public opinion rules: The United States is most vulnerable when public opinion is given a false direction, because in a country where opinion has sway, whoever seizes opinion seizes power.
      - Falsehood can be made to seem true, enemies can appear as friends, and the nations real interests can be obscured, while upright people remain comparatively passive and the designing, dishonest, and selfish labor most untiringly to mislead a public in which few think for themselves.
    - "Whenever the government of the United States shall break up, it will probably be in consequence of a false direction having been given to public opinion.
    - This is the weak point of our defences, and the part to which the enemies of the system will direct all their attacks.
    - Opinion can be so perverted as to cause the false to seem true; the enemy, a friend, and the friend, an enemy; the best interests of the nation to appear insignificant, and trifles of moment; in a word, the right the wrong, and the wrong, the right.
    - In a country where opinion has sway, to seize upon it, is to seize upon power.
    - As it is a rule of humanity that the upright and well-intentioned are comparatively passive, while the designing, dishonest and selfish are the most untiring in their efforts, the danger of public opinion’s getting a false direction is fourfold, since few men think for themselves."
    - -James Fenimore Cooper (The American Democrat 1838)
  - The Great Liberators
    - Section Summary
      - Twin emancipations: Alexander II carried through the 1861 Emancipation Edict against strong resistance and freed more than 23 million serfs, earning the title of Great Liberator.
      - He had insisted that serfdom must be abolished from above before it destroyed itself from below.
      - Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclamation belonged to the same liberating current, and the delay in issuing it did not reflect indifference to slavery but the necessity of preserving a nation already near dismemberment.
      - Frederick Douglass accepted that saving the Union came first, and Lincolns earlier speeches, especially at Peoria, showed that he openly hated slavery as a monstrous injustice and a betrayal of republican liberty.
      - British slave interest: Britain favored the Confederacy because its political and commercial interests aligned with the Southern slave economy.
      - Lord Robert Cecil said the North could not be a sure friend because it was a rival, while the South supplied the raw material for British industry and consumed British manufactures.
      - This rested on the central place of slave cotton in the British imperial cheap-labor system, since by 1840 cotton made up more than half of American exports and more than 75 percent of slave cotton went to Britain.
      - In that crisis, Russia alone among the powers stood by the Union and warned that its breakup would be a great misfortune that would leave the country to fragment further.
      - Russia preserved union: In 1863 Russia turned its declared support into decisive action by sending naval squadrons to both American coasts at the moment Britain and France were weighing intervention.
      - The fleets remained for seven months, not to enter the Civil War directly, but to deter foreign interference on behalf of the Confederacy.
      - Alexander II said he would treat Anglo-French recognition of Confederate independence as a cause for war and sent the fleets accordingly.
      - He did this chiefly for Russia, because a broken United States would leave Great Britain dominant over modern industrial development.
      - What he sought to protect was the American or Hamiltonian system of political economyproductive national credit, banking, internal improvements, manufacturing, machine-tool industry, and railwhich Russia had studied as a model and which stood as the effective anti-imperial alternative to slavery and British maritime supremacy.
    - In 18 61, the Emancipation Edict was passed and successfully carried out by Czar Alexander II that would result in the freeing of over 23 million serfs.
    - This was by no means a simple task and met much resistance, requiring an amazing degree of statesmanship to see it through.
    - In a speech made by Czar Alexander II to the Marshalls of Nobility in 1856 he stated:
    - “You can yourself understand that the present order of owning souls cannot remain unchanged.
    - It is better to abolish serfdom from above, than to wait for that time when it starts to abolish itself from below.
    - I ask you to think about the best way to carry this out."
    - The success of this edict would go down in history as one of the greatest accomplishments for human freedom and Czar Alexander II became known as the ‘Great Liberator’ for which he was beloved around the world.
    - Shortly after, in 1863, President Lincoln would pass the Emancipation Proclamation which declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”
    - There is astonishingly a great deal of cynicism surrounding this today.
    - It is thought that because Lincoln did not announce this at the beginning of the war it somehow was never genuine.
    - However, Lincoln was always for the abolishment of slavery and the reason for his delay was due to the country being so at odds with itself that it was willing to break into pieces over the subject, an intent that Lincolr rightfully opposed and had to navigate through.
    - Former slave and Lincoln ally, Frederick Douglass, though himself frustrated with the delay to equal rights, understood after meeting and discussing his concerns with Lincoln that the preservation of the country came first, stating:
    - “It was a great thing to achieve American independence when we numbered three millions [ slaves], but it was a greater thing to save this country from dismemberment and ruin when it numbered thirty millions.
    - He alone of all our presidents was to have the opportunity to destroy slavery, and to lift into manhood millions of his countrymen hitherto held as chattels and numbered with the beasts of the field."
    - In addition, there are many speeches Lincoln gave while he was a lawyer, where he most clearly and transparently spoke out against slavery.
    - In a speech at Peoria, Illinois (Oct 16, 1854), 7 years before he would become president, Lincoln stated:
    - “This declared indifference, but as I must think, covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate.
    - I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself.
    - I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world—enables the enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites—causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces so many really good men among ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principle of civil liberty—criticizing the Declaration of Independence and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest."
    - During the civil war lord Robert Cecil (later called the Marquess of Salisbury and threetime Prime Minister of Britain) expressed his viewpoint on the matter in the British Parliament:
    - "The Northern States of America never can be our sure friends because we are rivals, rival: politically, rivals commercially...
    - With the Southern States, the case is entirely reversed.
    - Thi population are an agricultural people.
    - They furnish the raw material of our industry, and they consume the products which we manufacture from it.
    - With them, every interest must lead us to cultivate friendly relations, and when the war began they at once recurred to Eng land, as their natural ally."
    - [emphasis added]
    - By 1840, cotton made up more than half of American exports.
    - More than 75% of slave cotton was exported to Britain.
    - American slave cotton was the centerpiece of the British Empire’s world cheap-labor system.
    - The autumn of 1862 would mark the first critical phase of the Civil War.
    - Lincoln sent an urgent letter to the Russian Foreign Minister Gorchakov, informing him that France was ready to intervene militarily and was awaiting England.
    - The salvation of the Union thus rested solely on Russia’s decision to act.
    - The Foreign Minister Gorchakov wrote in response to Lincoln’s plea:
    - “You know that the government of United States has few friends among the Powers.
    - England rejoices over what is happening to you; she longs and prays for your overthrow.
    - France is less actively hostile; her interests would be less affected by the result; but she is not unwilling to see it.
    - She is not your friend.
    - Your situation is getting worse and worse.
    - The chances of preserving the Union are growing more desperate.
    - Can nothing be done to stop this dreadful war?
    - The hope of reunion is growing less and less, and I wish to impress upon your government that the separation, which I fear must come, will be considered by Russia as one of the greatest misfortunes.
    - Russia alone, has stood by you from the first, and will continue to stand by you.
    - We are very anxious that some means should be adopted-that any course should be pursued-which will prevent the division which now seems inevitable.
    - One separation will be followed by another; you will break into fragments."
    - Russia’s proclaimed support in its letters to Lincoln would be put to the test during the summer of 18 6 3.
    - By then, the South’s invasion of the North had failed at Gettysburg and the violent anti-war New York draft riots also failed and Britain, as a result, was thinking of a direct military intervention with the backing of France.
    - What would follow marks one of the greatest displays of support for another country’s sovereignty to ever occur in modern history.
    - The Russian Navy arrived on both the east and west coastlines of the United States late September and early October 1863®.
    - The timing was highly coordinated due to intelligence reports of when Britain and France were intending their military action.
    - The Russian navy would stay along the US coastline in support of the Union for 7 months!
    - They never intervened in the American civil war but rather remained in its waters at the behest of Lincoln in the case of a foreign power’s interference.
    - If Russia had not done this, Britain and France would most certainly have intervened or behalf of the Confederate states as they made clear they would, and the United States would have most certainly broken in two at that point.
    - It was Russia’s direct naval support that allowed the United States to remain whole.
    - Czar Alexander II, who held sole power to declare war for Russia, stated in an interview to the American banker Wharton Barker on Aug.
    - 17,1879 (Published in The Independent March 24, 1904):
    - “In the Autumn of 1862, the governments of France and Great Britain proposed to Russia, in a formal but not in an official way, the joint recognition by European powers of the independence of the Confederate States of America.
    - My immediate answer was: I will not cooperate in such action; and I will not acquiesce.
    - On the contrary, I shall accept the recognition of the independence of the Confederate States by France and Great Britain as a casus belli for Russia.
    - And in order that the governments of France and Great Britain may understand that this is no idle threat; I will send a Pacific fleet to San Francisco and an Atlantic fleet to New York.
    - ...
    - All this I did because of love for my own dear Russia, rather than for love of the American Republic.
    - I acted thus because I understood that Russia would have a more serious task to perform if the American Republic, with advanced industrial development were broken up and Great Britain should be left in control of most branches of modern industrial development."
    - [emphasis added]
    - What was Czar Alexander II referring to exactly when mentioning the advanced industrial development of the American Republic?
    - Well, in short he was referring to the Hamiltonian system of economics.
    - Notably, Alexander Hamilton’s 1791 Report on the Usefulness of the Manufactories in Relation to Trade and Agriculture which was published in St. Petersburg in 1807, sponsored by Russian Minister of Finance D.
    - A. Guryev.
    - It was Hamilton who pioneered a new system of political economy coming out of the war of Independence which saw America bankrupt, undeveloped, and agrarian.
    - Hamilton solved this problem by federalizing the state debts and converting it into productive credit, channelled by national banks into large scale internal improvements with a focus on the growth of manufacturing.
    - In the introduction to the translated Hamilton pamphlet, Russian educator V. Malinovsky wrote:
    - “The similarity of American United Provinces with Russia appears both in the expanse of the land, climate and natural conditions, in the size of population disproportionate to the space, and in the general youthfulness of various generally useful institutions; therefore all the rules, remarks and means proposed here are suitable for our country."
    - This "American system” was what Tsar Alexander II recognised as the only economic system to have successfully challenged the system of empire, which he recognized as the root of all slavery.
    - The ineffective and ultimately costly labour of slaves was no match for competing against a machine tool industry to which Frederick Douglass attested.
    - The construction of rail that was made possible through the development of this machine tool industry is what freed countries from Britain’s maritime supremacy.
  - The "American System"
    - Section Summary
      - American model adopted: Russia deliberately drew on the American System in building its national development strategy.
      - Nicholas I hired George Washington Whistler to oversee the Saint Petersburg-Moscow Railway, the countrys first large-scale railroad, while Henry C. Careys Hamiltonian economics were promoted in St. Petersburg through university education organized by US Ambassador Cassius Clay.
      - Sergei Witte extended this line by publishing National Savings and Friedrich List in 1889, helping produce the 1891 customs law and a rapid expansion of Russias economy; List in turn publicly credited Alexander Hamilton as his economic influence.
      - Witte explicitly said he applied to Russian railways the traffic system long used in the United States and known as the American system, while Grenville Dodge advised the Trans-Siberian project, built with Pennsylvania steel and locomotives and completed in 1905 under Wittes leadership.
      - For Witte, the railroad was a civilizing and developmental force, and this American-Russian continental outlook continued into Nicholas IIs 1906 approval of an American-engineered feasibility study for a Bering Strait tunnel.
    - In 1842, Czar Nicholas I hired American engineer George Washington Whistler to oversee the building of the Saint Petersburg-Moscow Railway, Russia’s first large-scale railroad.
    - In the 1860 s, Henry C. Carey’s economics would be promoted in St. Petersburg’: university education, organised by US Ambassador to Russia Cassius Clay.
    - Carey was a leading economic advisor to Lincoln and leading Hamiltonian of his age.
    - Sergei Witte, who worked as Russian Minister of Finance from 1889-1891 and later became Prime Minister in 1905, would publish in 18 8 9 the incredibly influential paper titled “National Savings and Friedrich List" which resulted in a new customs law for Russia in 1891 and resulted in an exponential growth increase in Russia’s economy.
    - Friedrich List publicly attributed his influence in economics to Alexander Hamilton.
    - Lincoln’s Pacific Railroad superintendent, General Grenville Dodge, advised Russia on it: Trans-Siberia railroad, built with Pennsylvania steel and locomotives from 1890-1905.
    - In his 1890 budget report, Sergei Witte- echoing the Belt and Road Initiative unfolding today, wrote:
    - "The railroad is like a leaven, which creates a cultural fermentation among the population.
    - Even if it passed through an absolutely wild people along its way, it would raise them in a short time to the level requisite for its operation."
    - Sergei Witte was explicit of his following of the American model of political economy when he described his re-organization of the Russian railways saying:
    - “Faced by a serious shortage of locomotives, I invented and applied the traffic system which had long been in practice in the United States and which is now known as the “American system."
    - By 1906, Czar Nicholas II of Russia supported the plan for the American-Russian Bering Strait tunnel, officially approving a team of American engineers to conduct a feasibility study.
    - Russia would complete the trans-Siberian railway in 1905 under the leadership of "American System” follower Count Sergei Witte.
    - On its maiden voyage the Trans-Siberian rail saw Philadelphia-made train cars run across the Russian heartland, and it is no accident that all of the key players involved in the Alaska purchase were also involved in the Russian continental rail program on both sides of the ocean.
  - Bismarck’s Zollverein
    - Section Summary
      - Protective tariff model: Henry C. Careys 1876 centennial exhibition displayed to 10 million visitors from 37 countries the United States machine-tool achievements and its rise to the worlds first economy, and within three years Bismarck broke Germanys free-trade system in favor of an American-style tariff policy.
      - He praised the United States for suppressing a gigantic war, disbanding its army, employing its soldiers, reducing its debt, absorbing Europes unemployed, and sustaining this prosperity through indirect taxation, and he urged Germany to imitate American protective laws.
      - Bismarck also organized for the Berlin-to-Baghdad railway, which was delayed until 1940; had it been completed in his lifetime, the later Sykes-Picot carving up of the Middle East could have been avoided.
    - In 18 76 Henry C. Carey organized the centennial exhibition where 10 million people from 3 7 countries came to Philadelphia to see the achievements of the United States in its advancements in machine tool industry, which propelled their economy to the first in the world.
    - Only three years later, Otto von Bismarck broke Germany’s free trade system implementing an American style tariff policy for his nation.
    - The kinship between Germany and the United States became so strong at this time that Otto von Bismarck’s speech in the parliament (1879) was quoted by McKinley on the floor in US Congress:
    - “A success of the United States in material development is the most illustrious of modern time.
    - The American nation has not only successfully born and suppressed the most gigantic and expensive war of all history, but immediately afterward disbanded its army, found employment for all its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, given labour and homes to all the unemployed in Europe as fast as they could arrive within its territory and still by a system of taxation so indirect as not to be perceived, much less felt...
    - Because it is my deliber ate judgement that the prosperity of America is mainly due to its protective laws, I urge that Germany has now reached that point, where it is necessary to imitate the tariff system oftht United States.”
    - Otto von Bismarck was heavily organising for the building of the Berlin to Baghdad railway, which after much resistance and delay would only be completed in 1940.
    - If this has been accomplished during Otto von Bismarck’s life, the Middle East could have avoided the Sykes Picot carving up which it later received.!^!
  - Berlin-Baghdad Railway
    - Section Summary
      - American model abroad: Lincoln-Carey strategists directly shaped the Meiji Restoration in 1869, helping industrialize Japan, and in the 1880s and 90s Philadelphia industrialists from the same current were contracted for major infrastructure and nation-building projects in China.
      - Frank Damon, a Hawaiian Christian missionary deeply involved in these Carey-group strategies, helped instigate, shape, and build Sun Yat-sens organization, and Sun grounded his outlook in admiration for Lincolns industrial America: a developed China would become another New World in the economic sense, bringing immense advantages to participating nations and strengthening the Brotherhood of Man.
    - In 1869, Japanese modernizers working directly with the Lincoln-Carey strategists ran the Meiji Restoration which industrialized Japan.
    - In the 1880 s and 90 s, Lincoln-Carey Philadelphia industrialists were contracted for huge infrastructure and nation-building projects in China.
    - Hawaiian Christian missionary Frank Damon, having participated in the Carey group’s strategies at a very high level, helped instigate, shape, and build the Sun Yat-sen organization that gave birth to modern China^.
    - Sun Yat-sen referred to his admiration of Lincoln’s USA as the basis for a new multipolar system saying:
    - “The world has been greatly benefited by the development of America as an industrial and a commercial Nation.
    - So a developed China with her four hundred millions of population, will be another New World in the economic sense.
    - The nations which will take part in this development will reap immense advantages.
    - Furthermore, international cooperation of this kind cannot but help to strengthen the Brotherhood of Man."
  - How Did We End Up Where We Are Today?
    - Section Summary
      - Decisive Suppression: A broad cooperation of common interests once stood united against an economic system of empire, and the break from that path is traced to a succession of assassinations and soft-coups against leading proponents of the American system in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
      - The pattern runs from Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley in the United States to Alexander II, Alexander III, Nicholas II, von Plehve, Grand Duke Sergei, and Stolypin in Russia, to Bismarck in Germany, Sadi Carnot in France, and Sun Yat-sens forced removal in China.
      - Unfinished Systemic Fight: Two opposing systems remain before the world: the English system, which leads toward pauperism, ignorance, depopulation, barbarism, and universal war, and the American system, which leads toward increasing wealth, comfort, intelligence, coordinated action, civilization, and universal peace.
      - The victor has not yet been decided, and present action will determine whether society secures true freedom and prosperity or submits to rule in which liberties are treated as privileges dispensed by a ruling class.
    - With such a glorious outlay of cooperation and common interests across the globe united against an economic system of empire, it begs the obvious question “What went wrong?
    - How did we end up where we are today?”
    - To give one a quick glimpse into the reason why, let us look at some of the major assassinations and soft-coups from the late 19 th century and early 20 th century of American system proponents (refer to the image below).
    - President Abraham Lincoln assassinated April 15,1865 (4 weeks after second inauguration)
    - Tsar Alexander II assassinated March 13, 1881
    - President Garfield assassinated Sept.
    - 19, 1881
    - Otto von Bismarck ousted March 18,1890
    - President of France Sadi Carnot assassinated June 25 1894
    - Tsar Aexander III most likely poisoned Nov.
    - 11894
    - President McKinley assassinated Sept 14,1901
    - Vyacheslav von Plehve Russian Minister of the Interior assassinated July 15, 1904
    - Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia assassinated Feb.
    - 17,1905
    - Russia's Minister of Interior Pyotr Stolypin (Prime Minister from 1906-1911) assassinated Sept 17 1911
    - Tsar Nicholas II assassinated July 17, 1918
    - President of China Sun Yat-sen forced to step down after less than one year (Jan 1 to March 10,1912)
    - Henry C. Carey stated it best when he described the situation as such, in his "Harmony of Interests" (1851):
    - “Two systems are before the world...
    - One looks to pauperism, ignorance, depopulation, and barbarism; the other in increasing wealth, comfort, intelligence, combination of action, and civilization.
    - One looks towards universal war; the other towards universal peace.
    - One is the English system; the other we may be proud to call the American system, for it is the only one ever devised the tendency of which was that of elevating while equalizing the condition of man throughout the world."
    - We have yet to conclude the victor between these two opposing systems, the fight is not over and we would be foolish to give up at the finishing line.
    - What we do today will decide the course of things in the future, and whether we live under a true recognition of freedom and prosperity, or whether we are ruled-over and our liberties treated as "privilege,” that can be given or taken based on the judgement of a ruling class, remains to be seen.
- Chapter 13 - Today’s Multi Polar Alliance and the Missed Chance of 1867
  - Chapter Summary
    - Canada was constructed to obstruct: The sale of Alaska and Russias support for the Union belonged to a broader U.S.-Russian design associated with Lincoln and Alexander II, but their deaths cut that effort short.
    - In its place, British North America was consolidated into a confederation meant to block a future Russian-American continental connection through the Bering Strait and to prevent the spread of republican development northward.
    - Bering development is strategic: A Bering Strait tunnel and related Arctic development have repeatedly appeared as practical instruments for binding major powers through shared progress, from early twentieth-century studies through wartime proposals and recent Russian and Chinese support.
    - The projects persistent return expresses a strategic alternative to zero-sum geopolitics: a multipolar reorganization of the world economy around cooperation, infrastructure, and real value rather than unipolar domination.
    - Two systems remain opposed: The nineteenth century set the English system against the American System in a conflict between speculative, colonial power and productive, emancipatory development.
    - That same opposition divided the United States between an anti-slavery republic and a slave power tied in principle to monarchy and empire, and Lincoln identified the issue as a world struggle between the common right of humanity and the divine right of kings.
    - Confederacy survived in Canada: The British North America Act completed an anti-Union confederacy in the north that continued, under imperial forms, the principles for which the Southern Confederacy had fought.
    - Confederate operations had already used Montreal and Toronto as bases with British support, and the postwar refuge granted to Davis, Benjamin, and other rebels in Canada and Britain revealed the continuity between the defeated southern rebellion and the successful British North American settlement.
    - British Columbia was the hinge: Alaskas transfer to the United States and the advance of transcontinental rail made British Columbia decisive, because many there saw annexation to the United States as the only workable answer to economic dependence on American markets and routes.
    - Britain and Canadian confederation leaders therefore pushed westward, absorbed territory, and tied British Columbia into a coast-to-coast monarchy specifically to prevent a U.S.-Russian linkage and to deny the larger continental development that the American System invited.
    - Missed leverage hardened empire: The Alabama Claims gave the United States a final chance to press beyond monetary settlement and force a political reckoning that might have opened British Columbia to the Lincolnian continental project, but that leverage was surrendered.
    - Canadas transcontinental buildout then proceeded as a defensive imperial expedient to block annexation and Eurasian development, even as the superior results of the American System inspired emulation abroad and reemerge today in the multipolar initiatives associated with Putin and Xi Jinping.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Canada blocked integration: The sale of Alaska and Russias Civil War support through fleet deployments to San Francisco and New York formed part of a US-Russian grand design.
      - Lincoln and Alexander II, alike as reformers and emancipators committed to ending slavery and serfdom, were killed before that design could be fulfilled.
      - Modern Canada was then created as an anti-republican confederation explicitly intended to prevent the expected construction of a Russian-American rail connection through the Bering Strait after the Civil War.
    - In the last chapter, we were introduced to the US-Russian grand design which shaped not only the sale of Alaska in October 1867 to the USA for $7.2 million, but also Russia’s involvement in the American Civil War as Czar Alexander II arranged the deployment o: Russian military fleets to San Francisco and New York.
    - Even though President Lincoln and Czar Alexander II were both known as great reformers and emancipators for their common commitment to free slaves and serfs, both leaders were assassinated before their grand visions could come to fruition (Lincoln in 1865 and Alexander II in 18 81).
    - I would like to now present another chapter of this forgotten history: The creation of modern Canada in as an anti-republican confederation designed explicitly to prevent the inevitable construction of a Russian-American rail connection through the Bering Strait in the wake of the Civil War.
  - The Strategic Value of the Bering Strait Tunnel in History
    - Section Summary
      - Bering link matters: The Bering Strait tunnel has repeatedly emerged as a strategic means of binding major powers through shared development, from Nicholas IIs 1906 feasibility studies with American engineers to Henry Wallaces 1942 discussions with Molotov about a Chicago-to-Moscow highway and airway through Canada, Alaska, and Siberia.
      - The project was blocked first by world wars and revolution, then by the Cold War, despite its promise as a tangible connection serving the peace of the future.
      - Russia revived it again in 2007, with Putin offering to fund two thirds of the estimated cost, promoted it more strongly in 2011, and received unofficial Chinese backing in 2014.
      - With the 2018 Polar Silk Road and its growing merger with Russias Eurasian Economic Union and Far East Vision, the project has regained life as part of a broader multipolar development pattern.
      - Arctic development stands out as a prime strategic basis for alliance and cooperation to reorganize the collapsing world economic order around firm principles of multipolar cooperation and value, while NATOs unipolar technocrats and neocons have instead clung to a zero-sum drive for full spectrum dominance.
    - The idea of the Bering Strait tunnel was supported by Czar Nicholas II who, in 1906 hired a team of American engineers to conduct feasibility studies on the initiative which then had an estimated cost of $350 million.
    - Sadly a couple of World Wars and disastrous revolution kept this project from blossoming as it was intended.
    - This idea was revived again by FDR’s great Vice President Henry Wallace who discussed the project at length with Russia’s Foreign Minister Molotov in 1942^151.
    - Describing this project Wallace stated in Survey Graphic Magazine (1944):
    - “Of all nations, Russia has the most powerful combination of a rapidly increasing population, great natural resources and immediate expansion in technological skills.
    - Siberia and China will furnish the greatest frontier of tomorrow...
    - When Molotov was in Washington in the spring of 1942,1 spoke to him about the combined highway and airway which I hope someday will link Chicago and Moscow via Canada, Alaska and Siberia.
    - Molotov, after observing that no one nation could do this job by itself, said that he and I would live to see the day of its accomplishment.
    - It would mean much to the peace of the future if there could be some tangible link of this sort between the pioneer spirit of our own West and the frontier spirit of the Russian East."
    - Again, the Cold War derailed this project and it was only in 2007 that the Russian Government revived ifdlh once again with Putin even offering to pay 2/3 rd of the $65 billion estimated cost to construct the 100 km tunnel across the Bering Strait.
    - This project was offered to the west more loudly in 2011 and in May 2014, China unofficially gave their backing to the initiative.
    - Sadly, unipolar technocrats and neocons controlling NATO foreign policy had not the eyes to see what benefits such projects offered those who joined in its construction, and instead continued onto their zero-sum game plan foi full spectrum dominance.
    - With the 2018 unveiling of the Polar Silk Road extending the east-west development corridors into the Arctic!!^, which have merged increasingly with Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union and Putin’s Far East Vision, the Bering Strait connection has again been given new life.
    - If nations of the west find the courage to let go of the Titanic before the hellish chaos of the oncoming financial meltdown erupts, then the projects animating the new multi polar paradigm will undoubtedly look a lot like the World Land bridge concept illustrated by the Schiller Institute below.
    - Arctic development remains one of the best strategic points of alliance and cooperation needed to re-organize the collapsing world economic order around firm principles of multipolar cooperation and value and as such is not too different from the dynamic shaping the world when Lincoln took office in 1860.
  - The 19 th century Clash of Two Systems
    - Section Summary
      - Two hostile systems: Two irreconcilable systems confronted each other in the 19th century: the English system, which enlarged trade and transportation at the expense of production and led toward diminished returns to labor, pauperism, ignorance, depopulation, barbarism, and universal war; and the American System, which increased productive labor, raised wages and profits, and tended toward wealth, comfort, intelligence, coordinated action, civilization, and universal peace.
      - This same opposition existed within the United States itself, where an anti-slavery, anti-colonial America rooted in the principles of 1789 contended against a slave power that denied human equality, producing two opposed versions of Manifest Destiny.
      - That contradiction, sharpened for decades by Anglo-American intelligence, culminated in civil war, and Lincoln defined it as the enduring world struggle between the common right of humanity and the divine right of kings, showing slavery to be inseparable from monarchical and colonial principles even when disguised in republican form.
    - Lincoln’s economic advisor and leader of the international export of the American System of Political Economy, Henry C. Carey, described this clash between two systems in his 1851 Harmony of Interests:
    - “Two systems are before the world; the one looks to increasing the proportion of persons and of capital engaged in trade and transportation, and therefore to diminishing the proportion engaged in producing commodities with which to trade, with necessarily diminished return to the labor of all; while the other looks to increasing the proportion engaged in the work of production, and diminishing that engaged in trade and transportation, with increased return to all, giving to the laborer good wages, and to the owner of capital good profits...
    - Ont looks to pauperism, ignorance, depopulation, and barbarism; the other in increasing wealth comfort, intelligence, combination of action, and civilization.
    - One looks towards universal war; the other towards universal peace.
    - One is the English system; the other we may be proud to call the American system, for it is the only one ever devised the tendency of which was that of elevating while equalizing the condition of man throughout the world."^11
    - Carey, just like the British Empire’s Lord Palmerston, clearly recognized that America had not completed "the mission of 1776” since not one but TWO Americas existed within Washington: One positive America representing the anti-slavery/anti-colonial principles of the 1789 constitution vs. another hypocritical slave power that never believed that "all men were created equal”.
    - Just as two antithetical impulses existed within America, so too did two opposing views of "Manifest Destiny” co-evolve since 1776^: One hellish version driven by the ‘principle’ of spreading slavery and suppressing the weak while the other more noble impulse was represented by the spirits of Lincoln, Carey and Gilpin illustrated above.
    - This fatal contradiction within the republic was exploited fervently by Anglo-American intelligence for 80 years before the inevitable civil war finally broke out in 1861.
    - President Lincoln defined the terms of this contradiction and immanent war in an 18 5 8 debate with the Slave Power’s champion Stephen Douglas saying:
    - “That is the issue that will continue in this country when these poor tongues of Judge Douglas and myself shall be silent.
    - It is the eternal struggle between these two principles - right and wrong - throughout the world.
    - They are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time, and will ever continue to struggle.
    - The one is the common right of humanity and the other the divine right of kings."
    - This quote is important as it addresses the fact that Lincoln recognized correctly the inextricable connection between the institution of slavery (even when it masqueraded under a republican veneer) and monarchical principles of colonialism which saw mankind’s right to rule defined not by morality, or merit but rather by “principles” of heredi tary right.
  - The Anti-Union Confederacy That Succeeded
    - Section Summary
      - Confederacy fulfilled: The British North America Act of July 1, 1867 created a federation explicitly oriented to the Welfare of the Provinces and promote the interests of the British Empire, completing an anti-American confederacy project that had been set in motion during the Civil War at the Charlottetown convention of 1864.
      - Jefferson Daviss appeal in Quebec just days before enactment, urging continued loyalty to British principles and close ties to the mother country, fits this design rather than standing as an anomaly.
      - Montreal and Toronto had already functioned, with British imperial support behind a facade of official neutrality, as Confederate bases for raids, espionage, terrorism, and war financing against Lincolns forces, and Montreal housed the largest Confederate Secret Service base outside Richmond under Judah Benjamin.
      - The later comfort enjoyed by Davis, Benjamin, and other Confederate rebels in Canada and Britain confirms the continuity between the failed Southern Confederacy and the anti-Union confederacy that succeeded in British North America.
    - On July 1,1867, the British North America Act was enacted consolidating Britain’s “other” anti-American confederacy operation under a new constitution dedicating the new federation’s existence to be conducive “to the Welfare of the Provinces and promote the interests of the British Empire”.
    - It should be kept in mind that the project to confederate actually began during the Civil
    - War in the form of a week-long booze-soaked orgy^-^ of the Charlottetown convention of 18 64 which hammered out the resolutions later put into law in 18 6 7.
    - Some have wondered why just days before the July 1,1867 enactment, would-be confederate President Jefferson Davis gave a speech to cheering crowds in Lennoxville Quebec stating: “I hope that you will hold fast to [your] British principles and that you may ever strive to cultivate close and affectionate connections with the mother country”.
    - This pro-British gushing from a confederate traitor in Quebec shouldn’t be surprising at all if we take into account the fact that Montreal and Toronto served as Southern confederacy bases of operations used with the full support of the British Empire to run terrorist operations, raids, espionage and financing of the war against Lincoln’s forces from the North (while Canada "officially” maintained an air of neutrality).
    - As Barry Sheehy pointed out in Montreal: City of Secrets!^, during the Civil War, "the largest Confederate Secret Service base outside Richmond was located in Montreal” under the direct control of confederate Secretary of State Judah Benjamin- himself an asset of British Intelligence^^.
    - Much like the exiled Russian and Hong Kong oligarchs and traitors of the modern day, Jefferson Davis, Judah Benjamin and many other confederate rebels lived out their days in comfort in both Canada and Britain (Benjamin becoming an English Barrister in London from 1865 until his death in 1884).
  - The Sale of Alaska and the Rush for British Columbia
    - Section Summary
      - Alaska shifted the balance: Russias secret sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867 suddenly made British Columbia strategically decisive.
      - The nearly completed transcontinental railway linked the American Atlantic and Pacific coasts and broke Britains maritime advantage, while allied Russian circles were already looking to an American-modeled Trans-Siberian line and even a rail connection across the continents.
      - In that setting, British Columbia was weakly tied to Britain and the eastern confederacy, burdened by debt and economic distress, and many colonists regarded annexation to the United States as their only practical salvation.
      - Britain moved to block annexation: British Columbias repeated annexation sentiment, culminating in the 1869 petition to President Grant, rested on concrete dependence on nearby American states and territories for markets, supplies, and communications.
      - British imperial and Canadian confederation leaders responded by extending monarchical control westward, purchasing Ruperts Land and insisting that British America reach the Pacific so the country would not be surrounded by the United States.
      - Cartier, Macdonald, and Galt treated western expansion as a strategic necessity to prevent the United States and Russia from being linked and to secure British Columbia for a coast-to-coast monarchical order.
    - On March 30, 1867, the British Empire was caught off guard with the news that Russia’s Alaskan possessions had been sold to America for $ 7.2 million in a secretive diplomatic maneuver which Secretary of State William Seward described as the most important deal of his life.
    - The sale had suddenly made the isolated colony of British Columbia very hot real estate.
    - During this 1867 purchase, Lincoln’s Trans Continental Railway, begun in 18 6 3 at the height of the Civil War was a mere two years from completion, linking the Pacific to Atlantic for the first time in history and thus destroying the British monopoly over maritime shipping routes.
    - Lincoln’s Trans-Continental Railway marked a historic watershed as Bnt-ish Mantime control of shipping routes was circumvented for the 1 st time
    - With students of Lincoln's program to be found among the intelligentsia of Russia, led by Count Sergei Witte and Dimitri Mendeleyev 1^, the American modeled Trans-Siberian Railway’s construction was not far away, and the linking of rail across the two continents was discussed as a real possibility by republican visionaries the world over.
    - The chances that British Columbia would join confederation were minute at this time a: the broken colony had no ties of commerce to Britain or the east coast confederacy 35 OC km away.
    - In fact, on July 2,1867 the first of several petitions was sent to Queen Victoria requesting that either the colony’s debt burdens and economic woes be alleviated by the Mother country or that the queen grant them permission to annex to the USA!
    - At this time, American consul to Victoria, Allen Francis, wrote a letter to the president stating:
    - “Even the colonists claiming most loyalty to the queen, are novi urging with great unanimity annexation to the United States as their only salvation- as the only means of retrieving the colonies from their present embarrassment and decline."
    - BC's Colonialist Newspaper described the situation in the following terms:
    - “Since no change would be for the worse, they (British Columbians) would welcome annexation to the United States to continuing in a state of poverty and wretchedness.
    - In writing this we know we speak the mind of 9 out of every 10 men in the colony... the sentiment is heard at every gathering street corner- at social gatherings, in business circles- in all places"
    - On July 18,1868 the Hudson Bay territories (aka: Rupert’s Land) were sold to Ottawa under an operation led by Sir Georges Etienne Cartier who stated "in this country we must have a distinct form of government in which the monarchical spirit will be found."
    - Cartier’s monarchical spirit was reflected in Canada’s leading fathers of confederation such as Sir John A. Macdonald who famously stated “a Britisher I was born and a Britisher I will die” and who looked to the vast wilderness west of Toronto saying in 18 6 7: "I would be quite willing, personally to leave the whole country a wilderness for the next half century, but I fear if Englishmen do not go there the Yankees will."
    - Sir Georgee Etienne Cartier, also known as Macdonald's Quebec Lieutenant was instrumental in arranging the purchase of Rupert's Land (right) from the Hudson’s Bay Company and creation of Manitoba- two steps vital fro the extension of Monarchical prinapies from coast to coast.
    - On May 22,1867, Father of Confederation Sir Alexander Galt stated British policy for western expansion (to block the connection between Russia and the USA) saying: "If the United States desire to outflank us on the west, we must accept the situation and lay our hand on British Columbia and the Pacific Ocean.
    - This country cannot be surrounded by
    - the Unites States- We if we allow it...
    - ‘From the Atlantic to the Pacific' must be the cry in British America as much as it has ever been in the United States"
    - The last serious effort by British Columbians to join America was made with the Annex ation petition of 1869^151 listing BC’s desperate grievances with the empire and appealing to President Grant:
    - “The only remedy for the evils which beset us, we believe to be in a close union with the adjoining States and Territories, we are already bound to them by a unity of object and interest nearly all our commercial relations are with them; They furnish the Chief Markets we have for the products of our mines, lands and waters; They supply the Colony with most of the necessities of life; They furnish us the only means of communication with the outer world...
    - For these reasons we earnestly desire the ACQUISITION of this Colony by the United States."
  - The Alabama Claims
    - Section Summary
      - Settlement squandered leverage: The 18691871 Alabama Claims affair created the last great opening to extend Lincolns rail through British Columbia into Alaska.
      - Genevas ruling against Britain for its support to the Confederacy brought Britain close to losing its Canadian possessions, a course backed by Charles Sumner and Seward, but weaker figures accepted a $15 million settlement in 1872 and let the larger issue pass.
      - That failure accelerated the drive to absorb British Columbia into Londons northern confederacy.
      - Ottawa then secured B.C.s entry by assuming the colonys debts and by Macdonalds promise to build a rail link to Montreal and Quebec within ten years, a line presented as necessary to obstruct American Manifest Destiny.
    - The last great hope for extending Lincoln’s rail through BC into Alaska at this time arose amidst the 1869-1871 Alabama Claims affair which saw the world’s first international trial in Geneva address the matter of Britain’s military support for the confederacy during the Civil War (reflecting the irony of America’s recent covert support for Syrian rebels).
    - Britain’s air of neutrality was betrayed by her construction of Confederate war ship: that unleashed havoc on Lincoln’s Navy.
    - The court ruled in favor of America and soon
    - Britain came close to loosing its Canadian possessions as payment for their sin (Senator Charles Sumner and Secretary Seward both advocated this course), although weaker figures in America ended up agreeing to a measly $ 15 million settlement in 18 72 while all wrongs were forgotten.
    - Julis Beu.
    - (.<oJ„).
    - “A few nwre Pirate iflmt, ani ID jtt all lit asrrjmg trulc back itto ifit/ hands."
    - With these failures to capture the pregnant moment, the effort to assimilate BC into London’s northern confederacy was accelerated.
    - Ottawa negotiations began on June 7,1870 and within weeks nearly all resolutions and clauses were agreed upon.
    - The two biggest impediments to B.
    - C.’s entry into the Confederacy were dealt with by the payment of all of the colony’s debts by Ottawa and the promise made by Sir Macdonald to construct a rail line linking the new province with Montreal and Quebec "within ten years”.
    - This promised rail line was necessary in order to sabotage the intention of the American Manifest Destiny policy.
  - The Empire Strikes Back
    - Section Summary
      - British Countermove: British Columbia entered Confederation under arrangements like those imposed in the Red River Settlement, and Canada was subsequently built out as a British-controlled northern confederacy to block the sovereign nation-state development associated with the United States.
      - When delay on the Canadian rail line renewed British Columbian demands for annexation to the USA, Macdonalds National Policy forced construction of a Canadian transcontinental rail completed in 1885.
      - Unlike Lincolns transcontinental program, this rail project arose not from a genuine commitment to progress but as a British compromise to prevent U.S. annexation of British Columbia and the opening of development toward Eurasia through the Bering Strait.
      - By 1876, however, the American System of political economy had already produced an extraordinary expansion of wealth in the United States, displayed its superiority at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, and became a model for nations seeking escape from British colonial hegemony, including Bismarcks Germany, Russia under Alexander II and III, and Meiji Japan.
    - With these arrangements agreed upon (paralleling similar arrangements in the former Red River Settlement in today’s Manitoba), British Columbia was admitted into Confederation as the 6 th Canadian Province.
    - Within the coming decades, as Canada was opened up to form a British-controlled Northern Confederacy blockade against the civilizing progress of the sovereign nation state intention of the United States, Saskatchewan and Alberta were formed as provinces where there had formerly been only Hudson’s Bay land.
    - The lack of progress on Canada’s rail by 1878 had resulted in renewed disenchantment on the part of British Columbians who demanded once more for annexation into the USA resulting in Sir John A. Macdonald’s "National Policy of 1878-1885” which forced the construction of Canada’s own trans continental rail (with the inaugural train cars arriving in BC’s Port Moody from Montreal on the 4 th of July, 1885).
    - Unlike Lincoln's Trans-continental rail program, the British variant in Canada completed in 1885 emerged not from a spirit of genuine love of progress, but rather as a British compromise designed to keep the USA from annexing BC, and creating azone of development with Eurasia through the Bering Strait
    - J scene from the 1376 Centennial Celebration in Philadelphia which demonstrated the superiority of the Amencan System vs. the British System
    - By the time of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, the American System of Political Economy had resulted in the greatest explosion of wealth in the United States and became a model for the whole civilized world seeking to break free of British colonial hegemony.
    - Converts to the American System were made by all lovers of progress from around the world who came to the Convention.
    - Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck vigorously applied American System practices of high protective tariffs and vast internal improvements under his Zollverein.
    - Czars Alexander II and III and their close circle of Russian advisors applied the American model for the vast modernization of Russia vectored around the Trans-Siberian Rail.
    - Even Japan under the Meiji Restoration applied the American model to escape feudalism and enter the modern age.
  - The Trans Siberian Rail and the American System in Russia
    - Section Summary
      - Cooperative alliance revived: London-financed revolutions, assassinations, and wars deformed the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and blocked the destined development of a win-win system of cooperation.
      - The world is again divided between Lincolns international allies and British Intelligence, but today leaders such as Xi Jinping and Putin are advancing a multipolar order through credit, diplomacy, security, economic policy, and science policy shaped by the best principles of the nineteenth-century American System, only briefly revived in the twentieth century under Franklin Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy.
      - Whether western nations possess the moral fitness to recover their lost traditions and join this new paradigm remains unresolved.
    - Sadly, an age of London-financed revolutions, assassinations and wars mis-shaped the 1880 s, 1890 s, and 20 th century, preventing this system of win cooperation from evolving as it was destined.
    - Today the world is again pulled by two opposing systems represented by Lincoln’s inter national allies on the one hand and British Intelligence on the other... although today’s champions of the multi polar world of cooperation have names like Xi Jinping and Putin.
    - These Eurasian statesmen have ushered in a new system of credit, diplomacy, security, economic and science policy governed by the best principles displayed by the American System of the 19 th century and occasionally revived albeit only briefly under such 20 th century leaders like Franklin Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy.
    - Whether the western nations have the moral fitness to recover their lost traditions and join in this new paradigm or not yet remains to be seen...
- Chapter 14 - William Gilpin and the Original World Landbridge Project
  - Chapter Summary
    - Americas wider destiny: America must cast off European intellectual subordination, recognize the worth of Asiatic science, civilization, commerce, and population, and act from a universal mission rather than a merely national one.
    - William Gilpin embodied that outlook by treating Manifest Destiny as the destiny of mankind, governed by a divine lawful order expressed in science and economy and fulfilled through a common mission of America, Russia, and China.
    - Patriotic inheritance: Gilpin arose from a family tradition linked to Franklin, the Philosophical Society, canals, paper manufacture, and Hamiltonian useful improvement, all directed toward national development and self-government.
    - That inheritance was strained by family entanglements with the Jackson-Van Buren current and its assault on the American System, and Gilpin himself only later broke decisively from that current to become a Lincoln Republican.
    - Oregon opened the Pacific: The battle for Oregon was a decisive continental and international struggle because control of that region would determine whether the United States gained its most accessible route to the Pacific, checked British imperial power, and established direct connection with Asia.
    - Gilpin helped secure that outcome through covert work with Fremonts expedition, intelligence gathering, political organization in the Willamette Valley, and testimony in Washington that joined practical western development to the larger cause of self-government and human advancement.
    - Civilization moves west: Gilpin grounded westward expansion in Humboldts science, especially the isothermal zodiac, which placed the main belt of civilization in the temperate latitudes and showed its historic movement from east to west.
    - He therefore saw the American arrival on the Pacific not as blind conquest but as the completion of a civilizational circuit ordered by creative reason, natural law, and the moral purpose of elevating mankind.
    - China completes regeneration: The transcontinental railroad mattered because it would join America materially and culturally to China, whose civilization Gilpin and allied figures treated as essential to human progress and to Americas own renewal.
    - Chinese admiration for Washington, Asa Whitneys agitation for a Pacific railroad, and Gilpins own insistence that Chinese trade and civilization should cross North America all expressed a common conviction that the route would serve the entire human family.
    - Slave power blocked growth: The great obstacle to this Pacific and world mission was the British-backed slave power, whose domination of Democratic politics turned western expansion away from free development and toward disunion.
    - The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act sabotaged the advance of the American System, while the Republican Party arose as the anti-slavery and developmental coalition committed both to free territory and to federally backed rail, roads, rivers, and harbors.
    - Colorado saved the West: Colorado became a strategic Union beachhead in the Civil War because Confederate success there would sever the nation from the Pacific and imperil the larger landbridge project.
    - As territorial governor, Gilpin built the government, armed volunteers through emergency scrip in the manner of greenback credit, and enabled the rapid mobilization that helped stop the Confederate western thrust at Glorieta Pass, even though financial collapse, slander, and political intrigue cost him his office.
    - Railway world union: After the war, measures such as the Alaska Purchase, the Burlingame connection with China, and transcontinental construction carried forward the same anti-imperial and internationalizing purpose.
    - Gilpin gave that purpose its fullest form in the Cosmopolitan Railway, a world system of public works linking America through Bering Strait to Eurasia and integrating other continents as feeders, so that industrial cooperation, productive credit, and Christian fraternity would replace oligarchical geopolitics; the modern revival of that landbridge idea appears in the Belt and Road and related Eurasian initiatives.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Americas universal mission: Europe must no longer command intellectual deference; America must cultivate an indigenous dignity, recognize the value of Asiatic sciences, civilization, commerce, and population, and prepare its mind for a larger mission.
      - William Gilpin is presented not merely as the first Governor of Colorado Territory or the creator of the 1890 Cosmopolitan Railway map, but as a major force in American history and a universal thinker who understood Manifest Destiny as a destiny for all mankind.
      - Guided by Humboldt and Hamilton, he held that science and economy expressed a divine lawful order, and for more than fifty years he foresaw a common mission uniting America, Russia, and China, a conviction that led him to champion the Transcontinental Railway and the larger landbridge conception linking the continents.
    - "To disinfect ourselves of inane nepotism to Europe in other things as we have done in politics; to ponder boldly on ourselves and our mission, and develop an indigenous dignity-to appreciate Asiatic sciences, civilization, commerce and population- these are essential preparatory steps to which we must tone our minds."^i
    - -William Gilpin (1 st Governor of Colorado), 1856
    - If William Gilpin is known at all today, it is generally due to the famous 1890 map of the Cosmopolitan Railway featuring the sub-caption “Gilpin’s Economic, Just and Correct Map of the World”.
    - This 1890 map, which began spreading in recent years due in large part to the renewed inter est in the Bering Strait Rail connection and China’s New Silk Road not only featured a rai connection across the Bering Straits connecting Eurasia with the Americas, but also rail lines uniting every continent on the globe.
    - Beyond this, very little has been made knowr about the extraordinary person of the Colorado Territory’s first Governor.
    - Where did he come from?
    - What role, if any, did he play in the formation of the republic?
    - What philosophical outlook governed his life?
    - Where did he situate himself in universal history?
    - In this course of this chapter, you will discover that William Gilpin was not only a major force in American history, but represents a universal thinker whose mind comprehended with a depth and clarity unseen again for over a century how America’s Manifest Destiny actually represented a destiny for all mankind expressed brilliantly in his famous statement "Science is Divine and economy is science revealed, rightly under stood and utilized”.
    - Gilpin, a devout follower of Alexander von Humboldt and Alexandei Hamilton, prophesied for over SO years that America, Russia and China were united in a common mission to transform all humankind - a conviction which drove him to champion the construction of the Trans Continental Railway with a grouping of other co-thinkers in the early 1840 s.
    - It is of such vital importance that this story be made more widely known that I have put together this report, divided into seven sections
  - Part One - Gilpin’s Patriotic Family Heritage
    - Section Summary
      - Patriotic lineage: William Gilpin inherited a family tradition rooted in the American intellectual current of Winthrop, the Mathers, and Benjamin Franklin, a hereditary impulse toward national purpose, self-government, and useful improvement that the family treated as part of the best patriotic meaning of Manifest Destiny.
      - That tradition was embodied by his grandfather Thomas Gilpin, a leading member of Franklins revived Philosophical Society, whose canal project linking the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay became a major national undertaking and one of early Americas great public works, and by his father Joshua and uncle Thomas Jr., whom Franklin aided in founding Delawares first paper mill while both also advanced the nations productive powers through the Philosophical Society and Hamiltons Society for the Promotion of Useful Manufactures.
      - Yet this heritage was not uniformly sustained: Henry Gilpin broke with the familys American System orientation by entering the Jacksonvan Buren machine, helping subvert the Second Bank of the United States and defending Spanish slave property claims in the Amistad case, while William likewise made bad early alliances within that same political current before later breaking from it and becoming a Lincoln Republican.
    - Since Gilpin fully situated his identity within the American intellectual tradition of the Winthrops, the Mathers and Benjamin Franklin, we will take a moment to review several generations of the Gilpin family in order to familiarize ourselves with the "hereditary” intellectual impulse which governed his entire life.
    - The Gilpin family migrated to America in 16 9 6 in order to escape persecution under William of Orange.
    - Upon arriving, New England colonies were in the throes of being reconquered by a British Empire which sought to crush the spirit of the Massachusetts Baj Colony and the vision which its founder John Winthrop identified when he inaugurated the new experiment in self-government in 1630 with the words "Wie shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us."
    - This philosophy became the positive basis for the doctrine of Manifest Destiny which governed the best of America’s patriots of which the Gilpin family was no exception.
    - A shining example of this tradition is to be found in the person of William’s grandfathei Thomas Gilpin, who served as a leading member of Benjamin Franklin’s Philosophical Society.
    - After 20 years of relative inactivity from 1746-1767, the Philosophical Society was revived and united to the American Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge with Benjamin Franklin elected as the society’s first president.
    - The first major undertaking of the renewed Philosophical Society was Thomas Gilpin’s project to build a canal from Delaware River to Chesapeake Bay reducing the shipping distance from Philadelphia to Baltimore by 300 miles.
    - Although the revolution froze this plan as new priorities appeared on the plate of every patriot, Benjamin Franklin made it once again c national priority 1788, putting into motion what became the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, led by Franklin proteges Matthew and Henry C. Carey.
    - With the Gilpin family of Philadelphia playing leading roles during that entire process, the project was finally accomplished in 18 29 and is considered one of the greatest public works in America’s early history.
    - A leading historian noted that Thomas Gilpin, "drawing inspiration from the career of B. Franklin, developed an interest in useful engineering projects; he frequently discussed plans for bridges, canals and other structures at the American Philosophical Society."^^
    - Benjamin Franklin’s relations with the Gilpin family didn’t end there, as the elder statesman also assisted Thomas’s two sons Joshua (William’s father) and Thomas Jr. in the founding of Delaware’s first paper mill which employed and advanced upon the best techniques of paper making existing in France.
    - Both Gilpin brothers were members of the Philosophical Society and Joshua served as leading officers for Alexander Hamilton’s Society for the Promotion for Useful Manufactures which drove America's commitment to develop its productive powers of labour.
    - Leading members of the Philosophical Society included George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, Nicholas Biddle, John Marshall to name but a few.
    - Reflecting the international nature of the American Revolution, European scientists and patriots were also prominent members such as Alexander von Humboldt Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Baron von Steuben and Marquis de Lafayetted^.
    - An astounding number of early leaders of the Philosophical Society were also members of Washington’; Society of the Cincinnati.
    - Henry Gilpin (right) broke with his American Sy stem family heritage becoming enmeshed in the Wall Street run political machine of Martin van Buren (middle) and Andrew Jackson (left)
    - While William’s older brother Henry Gilpin (1801-1860) began his promising career as an enthusiastic supporter of John Quincy Adams, playing an instrumental role as Secretary Treasurer of the Chesapeake-Delaware Canal Company under the direction of Matthew Carey, his decision to become enmeshed in the political machine of Jackson and van Buren was most unfortunate.
    - Henry’s slide into corruption peaked with his appointment by Jackson to the board of governors of 2 nd Bank of the United States where he played an instrumental role in subverting the bank from within.
    - Henry later served as Attorney General of the USA under Martin van Buren where he made his mark on history by passionately defending the Spanish empire’s right to own their African property in the famous Supreme Court Amistad case in 1841.
    - Fourteen years younger, Henry’s brother William also became enmeshed in the same democratic machine early in life.
    - Although breaking with that beast by the late 1840 s, and becoming a Lincoln Republican by 1859, his lack of understanding of the British-run agenda of the Slave Power who used such pawns as van Buren and Jackson admittedly caused him to make some significantly bad alliances early on.
  - Part Two - The Battle over Oregon and the Opening of the West / America in 1815
    - Section Summary
      - Continental republican mission: In 1815 the United States had expanded beyond the original thirteen colonies through the Louisiana Purchase and Florida, while Texas remained part of Mexico, Oregon was jointly claimed by the United States and Britain, most of present-day Canada lay under Hudsons Bay Company control, and Mexicos Spanish-held territories blocked American access to the Pacific.
      - The Revolution was understood by its leaders as a global, not merely local, event, involving international statesmen, soldiers, and scientists who upheld inalienable rights for all humankind and regarded republican institutions as the sovereign common good of all people.
      - The very name Continental Congress expressed this wider scope, and the spread of constitutional law across the Americas arose from that positive conception, even though it was too often corrupted by the Slave Powers effort to extend its peculiar system under a perverted imperialist version of Manifest Destiny.
    - When William Gilpin was born in 1815, America had grown from its original thirteen colonies to include the French territories ceded under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Spanish possessions of Florida.
    - Texas was still a part of Mexico, while Oregon was jointly claimed by Americans and British alike.
    - Apart from a small area of today’s Quebec and southern Ontario which were officially British possessions, the vast majority of today’s Canada existed as private property of the empire’s Hudson’s Bay Company.
    - South of Oregon, America was entirely cut off from the Pacific by the vast territories of Mexico which were still a part of the Spanish empire.
    - In opposition to popular theories of America’s origins, the revolution was never considered a local phenomenon by those who led it, but rather a global one.
    - As Chapter one of this volume demonstrated, the American Revolution was an international affair involving statesman, soldiers, and scientists from Russia, Germany, Poland, France, India, Morocco, Ireland and even England.
    - These international figures recognized that the doctrine of Manifest Destiny was never meant to have any relationship to mere “nationalism” or "imperialism” as such terms are narrowly defined today, but rather that ALL humankind is endowed with inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
    - It was believed that the creation of republican institutions dedicated to protecting those rights was the sovereign all-inclusive common good of all people.
    - The Continental Congress wasn’t called the "Congress of the 13 Colonies" for a reason.
    - The growth of constitutional law across ever greater expanses of the Americas during the early decades of America, although too often contaminated by the Slave power’s duplicitous agenda to spread its “peculiar system of government” under the rubric of a perverted imperialist version of Manifest Destiny, had its origins in this positive conception 1^!.
  - Part Two - The Battle over Oregon and the Opening of the West / The United States of America in 1840
    - Section Summary
      - Oregon as beachhead: By 1840 the Oregon Country beyond the Rocky Mountains had become a strategic beachhead in an international conflict because both Britain and America claimed it, yet no real legal structure existed there and the final title was understood to depend on which government most effectively developed and populated the region.
      - For the United States, whose 26 states and two territories still lay overwhelmingly in the East with hardly any population beyond the 90th meridian, securing Oregon meant gaining the most accessible entry to the Pacific, advancing republican power across the continent, driving back British imperialism, and opening a direct connection to Asia, thereby challenging a crucial chokepoint in Britains maritime monopoly and dominance of Asia.
    - By 1840, a strategic beachhead for this international conflict was located in the Oregon Country across the Rocky Mountains (a vast area today spanning across the states of Washington, Oregon, Utah and parts of Montana and Wyoming).
    - This area had been claimed by both Britain and America alike.
    - At this time, Oregon had no real legal structure and it was generally understood that the final claim would belong to whichever government had most developed and populated the regiond^U. while America had then grown to 26 states and two territories, all were located in the east with hardly any popu lation existing beyond the 90 th meridian.
    - Oregon was the most accessible entry point to the Pacific and if it could be firmly established as American, then could the young nation come one step closer to consolidating the power of republican ideas on the continent, further expelling British imperialism on the one hand, while opening a direct connection to Asia on the other.
    - Since a major chokepoint in Britain’s global monopoly on Maritime trade and dominance of Asia were being challenged, Oregon became an incredibly strategic point of conflict.
  - Part Two - The Battle over Oregon and the Opening of the West / Fremont’s Secret Mission
    - Section Summary
      - Secret Oregon Work: William Gilpin joined the campaign to win Oregon for the United States after President William Harrison backed Fremonts first government expedition, and he remained active after Harrisons death when concern for Oregon nearly collapsed.
      - Allied in these years with Fremont, Dr. Elijah White, and Thomas Hart Bentons circle, Gilpin entered Fremonts 1843 expedition under an official mapping assignment that also secretly aided American emigration to Oregon.
      - After reaching Fort Vancouver and the Willamette Valley, Gilpin separated from the party, returned to Fort Vancouver, cultivated relations with Hudson Bay Company leaders, and gathered intelligence under circumstances that drew British suspicions of espionage but were never proved.
      - American Jurisdiction Push: In the Willamette Valley, Gilpin helped organize support for a provisional government under United States law and used a public meeting of Canadian and American residents to strengthen the appearance of shared support for incorporation into the United States.
      - By placing two illiterate Canadians as vice-presidents, securing their endorsement of a petition to Congress, and directing the memorial that he was chosen to carry to Washington, he deliberately set what he called an American style trap to advance American claims in Oregon.
      - Back in Washington, he testified before the Senate and House on the Oregon boundary as an authority on rail and western development, combining practical evidence with a sweeping declaration that continental expansion to the Pacific would advance self-government, free the enslaved, regenerate nations, and unite humanity in one social family.
    - William Gilpin joined the fight to win Oregon for the United States, as this battle was championed by the late Whig President William Harrison (1773-1841) who fully supported the first government-backed expedition of the west led by Lieutenant John C. Fremont of the U.
    - S Corps of Topographical Engineers.
    - When Harrison died on April 4,1841 after only 30 days in office, Fremont commented that all concern for Oregon nearly died with him and the issue was nearly forgotten 1^.
    - Due, however to the leadership of such figures as Dr. Elijah White (sub-Indian agent of the U.
    - S. War Department), Gilpin, Fremont and other bold pioneers, the fight to open the west was kept alive.
    - Politically, the role of Senator Thomas Hart Benton, the father-inlaw of Lieutenant Fremont and powerful leader of a faction of the Democratic Party, was instrumental in advancing this policy.
    - Although eventually breaking with Benton due to his tendency to compromise with the slave power in later years, a young William Gilpin found himself an allyd^U.
    - Gilpin met Fremont in Independence Missouri in 1843, joining his second expedition tc the Pacific through Rocky Mountains and Oregon Trail.
    - Fremont's “official” assignment was to map out the under-explored frontier territory as a chief Topographical engineer, while secretly, he and the leadership of his 40 man team were assigned to assist the Oregon emigration movement.
    - Both Benton "Free soil” democrats, Fremont and Gilpin went on to become leading figures in the newly formed Republican Party in the years preceding the Civil war, with Gilpin appointed Governor of Colorado and Fremont serving as head of the Department of the West.^h
    - After travelling for six months over 2000 miles with Fremont, the expedition arrived at Britain’s Fort Vancouver and the Willamette Valley (the area of Oregon then most obviously under American influence south of the Columbia River- see image above).
    - At this point, Gilpin’s mission took him on a new path as he and Fremont went their separate ways on November 19, 1843.
    - The expedition team continued down to California before returning to the east while Gilpin returned north to the Hudson Bay’s Fort Vancouver with the objective of befriending the Hudson Bay elites, and cultivating as much intelligence as possible during his time there.
    - The story that Gilpin used to justify his separation from the party and return to Fort Vancouver was that his canoe had been stolen and a Hudson Bay owned replacement canoe had to be returned to its owners.
    - Whether the story was true or not, he successfully befriended John McLoughlin, the Hudson Bay Executive for the Pacific Northwest and spent the next two months of winter being hosted as a guest at the fort, meeting with every major player of the Hudson Bay Company and British Administration who passed through the west.
    - After being suspected of espionage due to his connections to Fremont and the Benton machine, Gilpin promptly left Fort Vancouver for the Willamette Valley where he remained for the duration of the winter and spring 1844.
    - While British suspicions of Gilpin’s true motive were never proven, one cryptic message written by Gilpin offers some interesting evidence: “Senator Linn, Gov.
    - Reynolds of Mo., and Col Bill Sublette were the only three men who knew the object I had in going there."1^1
    - The historian Thomas Karnes made the observation that all three men referenced by Gilpin were Benton democrats active in the American immigration movement who diec within 18 months of each other between 1843-1845.
    - Senator Linn who had predicted his own death, died on October 3,1843, Governor Thomas Reynolds was judged to have committed suicide in the governor’s mansion in February 9, 1844 and Bill Sublette died of Tuberculosis on July 25,1845.
    - Hudson Bay agents and sometimes enemies George Simpson (left) and John McLoughlin (right)
    - Back in Willamette, Gilpin played an active role organizing for a provisional governmem for Oregon under U.
    - S. law alongside Dr. Elijah White, culminating in a public meeting which included Canadian and American citizens living in the region.
    - By ensuring that two illiterate Canadians be made Vice-Presidents of the meeting and endorsing its resolutions by signing a memorial to the U.
    - S. government, Gilpin described that he had “set an American style trap’’.^^ what was the trap and purpose of this important meeting?
    - In a letter to Hudson Bay controller George Simpson, John McLaughlin reported that the meeting was "held topetition the U.
    - S. Congress to extend its jurisdiction over the Oregon Settlers"!^!.
    - With Canadians presiding over the meeting and endorsing the petition, an important case was made for the supposed shared British and American desire to incorporate into AmericaddU.
    - The petition was written up under Gilpin’s direction and those in attendance elected to have William present it to Washington.
    - Upon his return to Washington after a roundabout 4000 km exploratory trip, an inspired Gilpin was asked to give testimony to the Senate and House of Representatives as a leading authority on rail and western development during the many sessions Congress convened on the Oregon Boundary issue.
    - While presenting many hard facts, Gilpin never missed an opportunity to raise his audience’s understanding that western development was merely a step towards a new destiny for the entire human race.
    - In one inspired 1846 report to the Senate, Gilpin wrote:
    - "The un-transacted destiny of the American people is to subdue the continent- to rush over this vast field to the Pacific ocean- to animate the many hundred millions of its people... to set the principle of self-government at work- to agitate these herculean masses... to set free the enslaved, to regenerate superannuated nations... to confirm the destiny of the human race... to unite the world in one social family... to absolve the curse that weighs down humanity, and shed blessings around the world.
    - Divine task!
    - Immortal mission.’’^^
  - Part Two - The Battle over Oregon and the Opening of the West / Humboldt’s Isothermal Zodiac
    - Section Summary
      - Civilization moves west: Gilpin grounded his faith in westward expansion as a means of uplifting humanity in Alexander von Humboldts work, especially Cosmos, and in Humboldts isothermal zodiac.
      - Humboldts writings and maps shaped American exploration, while his moral outlook joined scientific inquiry to a fierce denunciation of slavery.
      - The isothermal belt, oscillating around the 40th parallel, marked the zone where the chief capitals of civilization had arisen and where the fire of civilization had advanced from east to west.
      - This movement was not treated as a blind colonizing force, but as the expression of creative reason, free will, and Natural Law acting through a harmonic planetary order and the least action principle.
      - Gilpin therefore saw the American arrival on the Pacific as the closing of the civilizational ring around the globe within the inhabited belt from 30 to 50 degrees latitude.
    - Gilpin’s powerful faith that westward expansion was directly tied to the uplifting of humanity was rooted in his studies of Alexander von Humboldt- whose book Cosmos he carried with him on all of his travels.
    - Before returning to Europe after his famous five year exploration of the Americas (1799-1804), Humboldt spent a week in Washington D.
    - C. where he became a member of Benjamin Franklin’s Philosophical Society and built many contacts among the America’s political and scientific leadership.
    - Historian Laura Walls explained that his voluminous writings and maps "for 40 years guided a succession of exploring expeditions into what would become the American Southwest"^!.
    - Alexander von Humboldt, whose theories fueled Gilpin’s argument for the Manifest Destiny of mankind
    - Although befriending Jefferson and Madison during his Washington visit, Humboldt harshly attacked the institution of slavery which plagued the Americas, writing "slavery is possibly the greatest evil ever to have afflicted humanity, no matter if one focuses on the individual slave rippedfrom his family in the country of his birth and thrown into the hold of a slave ship or considers him as a part of the herd of black men penned up in theAntil-les"D^l.
    - Humboldt’s criticisms of slavery and his advice on phasing it out resulted in his book being banned in Havana, Cuba for many yearsh^l.
    - Humboldt’s Isothermal Zodiac was defined as a belt alternating above and below the 40 th degree of latitude wherein the greatest capitals of civilization were to be found.
    - It was within this “axis of intensity” that "the sacred and inspired fire of civilization, accompanying the sun, has marched from east to west since the birth oftime"^^.
    - Rather than interpret Humboldt’s concept as a pre-determined, mindless force of colonization which many are want to do, it is more truthful to recognize that both Humboldt and Gilpin were firm believers in creative reason and free will.
    - Although believers in destiny, neither one entrapped themselves into a false dichotomy of thinking they had to choose either freedom OR destiny but rather saw both concepts united under one principle of Natural Law.
    - From a scientific standpoint, the Isothermal Zodiac defined a process shaped by the least action principle of earth’s gravitation around the sun within a planetary system defined by a harmonic order of orbits.
    - It is that same least action principle which defined the generation of reasoned hypotheses in the mind of creative thinkers such as Gilpin and Humboldt as they charted out the best courses of action most likely to improve humanity’s standard of living through great public works.
    - In an 1849 speech in Independence Missouri, Gilpin explained the concept:
    - "Within this belt (from 30 deg to 50 deg) four-fifths of the human race is assembled, and here the civilized nations... have succeeded one another....
    - This succession has flowed onward in an even course, undulating along an isothermal line, until in our time the ring is about to close around the earth’s circumference, by the arrival of the American nation on the coast of the Pacific, which looks over on to Asia."^i
  - Part Three - The Trans-Continental Rail to Asia
    - Section Summary
      - America as Confucian model: After years of British opium smuggling and the Opium Wars, leading Chinese intellectuals under Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian province, quickly recognized Americas strategic importance in universal history.
      - They saw the United States not only as a small power that had defeated the British Empire, but as an embodiment of Confucian principles, most fully expressed in George Washingtons leadership, morality, liberation of his people, and voluntary return to civilian life after completing his duty.
      - This bond of respect was materially expressed in an 1853 plaque gifted to America by leading Chinese merchants for the Washington Monument, bearing Xu Jiyus praise from A Short Account of the Oceans Around Us: Of all the famous Westerners of ancient and modern times, can Washington be placed in any position but first?
    - Xu Jiyu, whose works opened China’s Consciousness to the world and united the hearts of Chinese with Americans in a strong bond of friendship
    - Since the Chinese had recently been violated by years of British opium smuggling and three years of Opium Wars (1840-1842), many leading intellectuals in China led by the great Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian province, were waking up quickly to the strategic importance of America in Universal history- not only as a display of a small power which defeated the British Empire, but also as an embodiment of Confucian principles.
    - In the mind of Xu Jiyu, these principles found their most concrete expression in the figure of George Washington, who expressed the highest Confucian ideals of leadership and morality as a man who risked everything to lead his people to freedom then willfully gave up the reins of power to return to civilian life after having completed his duty.
    - An 1853 plaque, now installed in the Washington monument was gifted to America from leading Chinese merchants with the etched prose taken from Xu Jiyu’s A Short Account of the Oceans Around Us (1849):
    - "Of all the famous Westerners of ancient and modern times, can Washington be placed in any position but first?"
  - Asa Whitney
    - Section Summary
      - China as regeneration: Asa Whitney and William Gilpin joined the drive for a transcontinental railroad to a larger conviction that America must forge a cultural and economic bond with China.
      - Whitney, enriched by trade in China and the earliest prominent promoter of the line, presented the railroad as a work for the benefit of the entire human family that would connect destitute populations, open the western wilderness to settlement and production, and link it rapidly to world markets.
      - Although Congress rejected his preferred route and private ownership scheme, his organizing helped make the policy a popular cause through the 1849 Chicago and St. Louis conventions, while Gilpin carried that effort into Missouri resolutions declaring the nations central position between Asia and Europe and its duty to advance commerce, comity, science, and civilization through this route.
      - This affinity for China was not merely pragmatic: Julius Froebel reported that Gilpin saw Chinese civilization as preserving in pure form an ancient patriarchal democracy that the United States needed for regeneration against corrupting European influences, so that the Pacific railroad mattered because Chinese trade across North America would also bring Chinese civilization.
    - Likewise, many Americans were looking to China during these years as an ancient and wise civilization expressing the highest ideals of Christianity and who recognized that were America to endure, a cultural and economic bond with China must occur.
    - Two champions of that Sino-American Manifest Destiny and the Transcontinental Railway were no exception: William Gilpin and Asa Whitney.
    - Asa Whitney (1791-1874) was an American merchant who had made a fortune in China from 1842-1844, and became the earliest and most prominent promoter of the Trans Continental railway upon his return to America.
    - Whitney, who wanted permission to build a railroad from the Great Lakes to the Columbia River, wrote in an 1849 report to Congress:
    - "During a residence of nearly two years in Asia I collected all the information within my reach... with a starving, destitute population of 250 000 on the one side of us, and all Asia on the other side with 700 OOO 000 of souls still more destitute, seemed to demand the accomplishment of this great work, this great and important change for the benefit of the entire human family; a work which would open to settlement and production the wilderness of more than 2000 miles, give to it cheap and rapid transit to, and communication with, all the markets of the world.."^1
    - While Whitney’s desired route and plans for private ownership were not accepted by Congress, his organizing played a direct role in the great October 1849 Trans-Continental Railroad conventions in Chicago and St. Louis which went far to embed the policy into the popular consciousness of all citizens.
    - The St. Louis Convention which Gilpin also played a role in organizing had voted to support the rail line from St. Louis to the west coast across the Rockies with branches to Chicago and Memphis.
    - As a follow up to this convention, William led a town hall meeting in his hometown of Independence, Missouri with the purpose of ratifying the actions in St. Louis three weeks earlier.
    - Gilpin was voted to head the committee to draft the Missouri resolutions which clearly defined the purpose of the Trans Continental Railway as a gateway to China when it stated:
    - "Let it be resolved that, whereas the Almighty has placed the territories of the American Union in the center between Asia and Europe and the Route of the Asiatic and European Railway" through the heart of our national domain, it is our duty to the human family to prosecute, vigorously, through its new channel, that supreme commerce between the oriental nations and the nations of the Atlantic, which history proves to have existed in all ages, and to be necessary to keep alive comity, science and civilization among mankind".
    - Some may snidely remark that Whitney and Gilpin’s affinity for China was mere pragmatism, based purely upon economic or geopolitical advantage over the British.
    - However, an 18 5 2 testimony of German emigrant and publisher, Julius Froebel tells a different story.
    - Froebel, himself a student of Humboldt and editor of the Swiss Republican newspaper spent several months with Gilpin in Independence, Missouri and his accounts expressed a much higher level of understanding of the paradigm which united China and America under one Mandate of Heaven through whose submission alone America could find salvation from the corrupting effects of "European influences”:
    - "He (Gilpin) regards the "American" as the "most ancient and primitive civilization of mankind" and laments that this is not acknowledged by the world at large.
    - This culture, he admits, has become degenerate in America itself; but in China it is still found in a pure state.
    - Hence, salvation must come to Americafrom China, and this consists in the introduction of the "Chinese constitution" viz. the "patriarchal democracy of the Celestial Empire".
    - The political life of the United States is "through European influences", in a state of complete demoralization, and the Chinese Constitution alone contains elements of regeneration.
    - For this reason, a railroad to the Pacific is of such vast importance, since by its means the Chinese trade will be conducted straight across the North American continent.
    - This trade must bring in its train Chinese civilization.
    - All that is usually alleged against China is mere calumny spread purposefully, just like those calumnies which are circulated in Europe about the United States".^^
  - Part Four - How the Civil war was used to Destroy Manifest Destiny
    - Section Summary
      - Compromise Sabotaged Expansion: The 1850s did not bring the flowering of the Asian-American Railway but a decade of corruption and compromise that nearly broke up the Federal Government.
      - After the Mexican-American War, the Union held nearly all former Mexican territories, and the decisive question became whether these lands would remain free or fall under the British-run slave power dominating the Democratic Party.
      - Free territories would have allowed western expansion to the Pacific and the broader world land bridge to advance; surrender to slave power sabotaged that momentum.
      - Zachary Taylors death in 1850 cleared the way for the Compromise of 1850, which submitted slavery in Utah and New Mexico to popular vote, preserved slavery while ending the slave trade in Washington, fixed Texass borders, and strengthened the fugitive slave law.
      - That capitulation led on to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened both territories to slavery under majority rule, unleashing proslavery settlement and igniting the conflict that soon erupted.
      - Thomas Benton opposed slavery but fought too weakly to preserve his political force, while Gilpin increasingly stood above party politics and gained renown as a prophet of Manifest Destiny.
    - Rather than witnessing the blossoming of the great Asian-American Railway, the 1850 s ushered in a decade of corruption and compromise which nearly led to the disintegration of the Federal Government within ten years.
    - At the opening of this decade, the union had acquired nearly all territorial possessions from the Mexican empire in the wake of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
    - Thenationhad thus growr to 31 states, and five territories (one disorganized and four organized).
    - Whether those new territories were to remain free or slave-ridden became a central point of conflict between patriots and the British-run slave power which had dominated the Democratic Party.
    - If they could remain free, then the dynamic for western expansion to the Pacific and broader world land bridge could proceed unhindered.
    - If the central USA were to fall under the slave power, then this positive momentum would be sabotaged.
    - With the premature July 9,1850 death of Whig president Zachary Taylor, a supporter of the Wilmot Proviso 1^!, a series of compromises was instead unleashed by traitors, cowards and opportunists.
    - The first such act of folly was the "1850 Compromise" initiated jointly by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglass.
    - This compromise was a package of five bills which declared that slavery was to be decided by popular vote in the newly created Territories of Utah and New Mexico, abolished the slave trade (but not slavery) in the District of Columbia, defined the current borders of the newly admitted state of Texas and strengthened the fugitive slave Act which mandated that all free states give up fugitive slaves to their masters.
    - to compromise with the slave power paved the way to the disastrous Kansas-Nebraska Act of 185 5 which repealed the Missouri Compromised^, opening both territories to slavery based on the “will of the majority”.
    - Both regions were thus flooded with proslavery migrants and a fire was lit that would fully erupt within a few years.
    - While Senator Thomas Benton who led a faction of the Democratic Party of which Gilpin was a member, took an anti-slavery position during this period, his once formidable political machine lost much steam and the lukewarm energy he brought to the fighi against the slave power repulsed much of his based^l.
    - Gilpin increasingly became a party unto himself, sometimes running for elected office, but always elevating his message beyond all party politics earning a reputation as the prophet of manifest destiny.
  - The Republican Party Forms
    - Section Summary
      - Republican anti-slavery coalition: The Republican Party arose in 1856 when the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act made the Midwest the decisive battleground over slavery, while existing parties failed to provide principled leadership.
      - Its founding convention united opponents of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, the present Administration, and the extension of slavery into free territory, demanded Kansass admission as a free state, and called for a return to the principles of Washington and Jefferson.
      - It also made nationally directed development a central commitment by demanding immediate federal aid for a central Pacific railroad, an emigrant road along its line, and congressional appropriations for rivers and harbors.
      - Fremont became its first presidential nominee, Gilpin emerged by 1859 as a leading Republican voice in the pro-slavery Southwest, cast Independence, Missouris sole recorded Lincoln vote in 1860, defended the Union in speeches and editorials, and through Colonel Edwin Sumner joined Lincolns trusted protection in Washington, where he left a favorable impression that led to later appointment.
    - The first Republican National Convention was held at Lafayette Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on February 22-February 23,1856
    - With the Compromise of 18 5 0 and Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Midwest of the continent had become a strategic point of conflict determining the fate of the republic with the slave power energetically moving with all their might to ensure that the Midwest territories would admit slavery in preparation for their break from the union (and eventual planned absorption of said union).
    - The lack of any principled leadership from any party during these bleak years created a power vacuum that could undo the American revolution if drastic action was not taken.
    - Thus on June 18,1856 a convention led by Whigs and former-Benton Democrats saw the creation of the Republican Party whose founding manifesto!^! stated its purpose in clear terms:
    - "This Convention of Delegates, assembled in pursuance of a call addressed to the people of the United States, without regard to past political differences or divisions, who are opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise; to the policy of the present Administration; to the extension of Slavery into Free Territory; in favor of the admission of Kansas as a Free State; of restoring the action of the Federal Government to the principles of Washington and Jefferson; and for the purpose of presenting candidates for the offices of President and Vice-President"
    - Among its resolutions, the declaration made public works a keystone pillar in its mandate guided by water works and the Trans Continental rail:
    - "Resolved, That a railroad to the Pacific Ocean by the most central and practicable route is imperatively demanded by the interests of the whole country, and that the Federal Government ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction, and as an auxiliary thereto, to the immediate construction of an emigrant road on the line of the railroad."
    - "Resolved, That appropriations by Congress for the improvement of rivers and harbors, of a national character, requiredfor the accommodation and security of our existing commerce, are authorized by the Constitution, and justified by the obligation of the Government to protect the lives and property of its citizens."
    - During the 1856 elections, the Republic Party’s first nomination for the Presidency was none other than Gilpin’s former associate Lieutenant John C. Fremont!-^.
    - By 18 5 9 William Gilpin joined him and became a leading voice of the Republican Party (and often sole republican voice in the pro-slavery dominated south west).
    - In fact, of the twelve hundred recorded votes cast in the town of Independence, Missouri, during the 1860 Presidential elections, the sole vote for Lincoln was registered by William Gilpin.
    - The Republican Party's 1956 candidates Captain Fremont (left) and William Dayton (right)
    - Gilpin devoted the following months to writing impassioned editorials and giving speeches in defense of the Union across Missouri.
    - It was here that he came under the notice of Colonel Edwin Sumner, Commander of the Department of the West who had just been tasked by Lieutenant General Winfield Scott to lead Lincoln’s twelve man bodyguard for the dangerous thirteen day voyage from Illinois to Washington, D.
    - C. Colonel Sumner knew and trusted Gilpin since their days fighting in the Spanish-American War and requested Gilpin be part of the elite bodyguard.
    - Upon Lincoln’s arrival in Washington on February 11,1860, Gilpin was among 100 trusted bodyguards who stayed at the White House for several weeks to ensure the safety of the new President.
    - Gilpin had many opportunities to speak with Lincoln during these tense days and while written records are sparse, Gilpin’s positive impression upon the President is evidenced by the appointment and mission which Lincoln later assigned him.
  - Part Five - Lincoln’s Bodyguard Becomes the Governor of Colorado
    - Section Summary
      - Colorado as beachhead: By 1860 the division of free states, slave states, and uncertain Union territories placed the project of a world landbridge linking America and Asia in grave danger.
      - When Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861, its governorship became a strategic question because the region stood as a vulnerable but resource-rich Midwestern flank whose control mattered to the Unions survival in the Civil War.
      - Gilpin was appointed on March 22, 1861 because his standing as a scholar, statesman, and authority on Colorado and western geography suited that emergency, and Lincoln and Winfield Scott charged him to form a government and defend the West against secession at all cost.
      - After taking office on July 8, 1861, Gilpin, Chief Justice Hall, and Attorney General Theodore Weld rapidly built the territorys laws, courts, districts, police, schools, tax system, charities, militia, roads, and irrigation works, while Gilpin declared that the transcontinental railway would bisect the territory east and west and draw the travel and commerce of all nations and continents.
      - This work proceeded under acute internal danger, as rebel sympathies were strong in Colorado and Hall warned Lincoln of a conspiracy by 6,000 southern plotters preparing, with Confederate support from Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, to seize the territory.
    - By 1860, the U.
    - S territories had evolved into free states (blue), slave slates (grey) and Union territories (yellow) whose destinies were still highly uncertain.
    - The world landbridge project connecting America and Asia was put into great jeopardy
    - On February 28,1861, the Territories of America’s Midwest were subdivided forming Colorado as a territory.
    - The matter of who would be governor of the new Territory was yet unresolved.
    - The only certainty was that this region was of strategic significance as a beachhead against Southern takeover of the highly vulnerable Midwestern flank which served the union as a rich depot of resources needed to finance the Union during the Civil War.
    - With Gilpin’s reputation as a scholar, statesman, and expert on Colorado and the geography of the west, his appointment to fill that vacuum was finalized on March 22, 1861.
    - Before leaving for Denver, Gilpin met with Lincoln and Winfield Scott where he was given the strict orders to form a government and defend the west from secessionist forces at all cost^Ll.
    - Having taken his oath of office on July 8,1861 Gilpin set about shaping the new government alongside his two most trusted collaborators, Chief Justice Hall, a Whig anc former law partner of Secretary of State William Seward and Attorney General Theodore Weld.
    - This group formed a legislative body, organizing a system of laws, courts, anc electoral districts.
    - They organized soft infrastructure such as police, schools, civil and criminal codes, charities and a system of taxation^.
    - Most importantly for the immediate needs of the nation which was preparing for civil war, a militia was organized and public works unleashed centered on roads and irrigation systems.
    - During his inaugural speech to the first Territorial Legislative Assembly, Governor Gilpin emphasized the importance of the trans-continental railway:
    - Our territory will be bisected East and West, by the grandest work of all time, constructed to fraternize the domestic relations of our people and to draw the travel and commerce of all the nations, and all the continents of the world."^l
    - Rebel sympathies in Colorado ran very high in these early years with one third of the population having emigrated from the South prompting Justice Hall to write to Lincoln warning him of a conspiracy of 6000 southern plotters who had failed to turn Kansas into a slave state and were now collecting weapons in preparation to take over Colorado in collaboration with confederates in Missouri, Arkansas and Texas.1^
  - Gilpin’s Greenbacks Save the West
    - Section Summary
      - Greenbacks armed Colorado: Facing a Confederate-backed insurrection, an empty treasury, and urgent appeals to defend New Mexico, Gilpin bought up weapons to keep them from Confederate agents, arrested Captain Joel McKee and forty of his men for treason, secured rifles and ammunition from Utah, and raised ten companies of Colorado volunteers by issuing $375,000 in scrip backed by trust in the federal government.
      - He later said this followed orders transmitted from Lincoln in April 1861, and its issue in July paralleled Lincolns own use of treasury greenbacks when New York banks would not lend except at crushing rates.
      - When Washington then refused in October 1861 to honor the Colorado scrip, the currency collapsed, businesses suffered, near mutiny broke out, and Gilpin faced isolation, threats, and an organized drive to remove him.
      - These financial strains came amid a continual struggle with treason, Indian danger, and Confederate penetration of Colorados government itself, with Harvey Vail and William H. Russell identified as disloyal actors, leading Gilpin and Justice Hall to bypass the treason-ridden Overland Express and communicate with Lincoln through Augustus Seward.
    - In response to this southern plot, the Governor took the immediate action of forming a military staff and without any money in Colorado’s coffers, directed an emergency purchase of all weapons and ammunition available in Colorado in order to keep them out of the hands of the confederacy, whose leading agent Captain Joel McKee had openly been mass purchasing for the confederacy.
    - Gilpin ordered the arrest of McKee and 40 of his men for treason, thus, putting an end to the insurrection.
    - With the recognition of Colorado’s strategic significance sinking in, Gilpin’s request for weapons was granted and 18 wagonloads of ammunition and 1800 rifles were dispatched to him from the 2 nd Dragoons in Utah, which set the tone for the struggle that was ahead.
    - Weapons however, require soldiers to use them and that task of recruiting them remained still ahead.
    - Under dire requests from Colonel E.
    - R.
    - S. Canby, Commanding officer of Union troops in New Mexico who had the task of defending the Union on the frontline against a Texas-led takeover, Gilpin, again without a dime in the treasury and no support from a financially strained Federal government, took initiative to create 10 companies of soldiers later to be called the 1 st Regiment of Colorado Volunteers help Canby and to defend the union.
    - How did Gilpin manage to purchase thousands of weapons, ammunition, not to mention both form and train 10 companies of Colorado volunteers with no money?
    - The answer is "Greenbacks”.
    - Following orders which Gilpin later explained were transmitted to him from Lincoln in April 1861, the Governor commissioned $ 375 000.00 of scrip "backed by the trust in the federal government” to be issued in July, 1861.
    - This was also the same month that Lincoln issued $50 million in treasury-issued greenbacks to pay for the Civil War when British-steered New York banks refused him any loans below 25-30% interest.
    - When the Federal Government gave word that it could not honor Gilpin's scrip in October 1861, a near mutiny struck and for many months, businesses across Colorado suffered with the Colorado currency falling to forty cents on the dollar.
    - Gilpin was isolated and constantly threatened throughout this tense period^l.
    - A movement to oust the Governor led by a powerful newspaper editor named William N. Byers was unleashed and coordinated by anti-Gilpin hacks in Washington led by Colorado’s Territorial delegate Hiram Bennet.
    - Writing of his troubles in December 1861 Gilpin said:
    - “My labors here are incessant, and the struggle with treason is a perpetual death-struggle Emissaries swarm here as they have done in Baltimore, Washington and St. Louis, in the worst time of insurrection....
    - The want of money, together with the total oblivion by the Government of the critical condition caused by the withdrawal of its military force, the agitated condition of the Indians and the extreme cost and scarcity of food, complicated the tangled condition of affairs and strain the ligaments of government to a perpetually bursting tension."1^!
    - Not only was the economy in shambles, the danger of Indian attacks were also very high and Confederate agents were embedded within the very branches of Colorado's Government.
    - Two such agents- Harvey Vail and William H. Russell were named by Justice Hall in a letter to Lincoln dated October 9,1861.
    - Harvey Vail was the Indian Agent of Western Colorado whom Hall accused of deploying Indians to attack union troops on behalf of the Confederacy while William H. Russell was President of the Overland Express Company, which controlled all mail service across the west.
    - Requesting that Seward approve the replacement of Colorado judges with outsiders, Hall said “and none of the applicants from this territory.
    - They all belong to the William H. Russell school and are all infected with treason."^^
    - To avoid using the treason-ridden Overland Express Company, Gilpin and Hall communicated to Lincoln via William Seward’s son Augustus Seward.
  - The South Attempts to Take the West
    - Section Summary
      - Confederate western thrust: In 1861 Jefferson Davis approved Henry Sibleys New Mexico Campaign to conquer New Mexico and then press into Colorado, Utah, and beyond, thereby cutting Lincoln off from the Pacific and securing a large resource-rich western territory for the Confederate cause.
      - Sibley opened the offensive in January 1862 with 3,500 men, met little resistance as he seized increasing portions of Union territory, and after the first major Far West battle near Fort Craig at Valverdewhere both sides lost about 200 men but the Confederates prevailedwent on to take Albuquerque and Santa Fe while advancing toward Fort Union for the projected takeover of Colorado.
    - General Canby (left) and Confederate General Sibley right who fought at Glorieta Pass
    - In July 1861, Brigadier-General Henry Sibley’s “New Mexico Campaign" was approved by Confederate President Jefferson Davis.
    - Sibley’s plan called for conquering New Mexico, then advancing upon Colorado, Utah and beyond, thus cutting Lincoln off from the Pacific and gaining a large resource-rich territory to fuel the Confederate cause.
    - By January 1862 Sibley began his offensive with 3500 men, meeting very little resistance as he took over ever greater portions of Union territory.
    - When he encountered Canby’s forces near Fort Craig, the first major battle in the Far West ensued known as the Battle of Valverde; and although each side lost approximately 200 soldiers, Confederate forces won the day and continued to take Albuquerque and Santa Fe as they made their way to Fort Union [see map on the next page] in preparation for the takeover of Colorado.
  - The Battle of Glorietta Pass
    - Section Summary
      - Glorieta decided: Gilpins First Colorado Volunteers marched with extreme speed through snow to Fort Union, joined other Union companies, and met Sibleys Texans at Glorieta Pass, where two days of fierce fighting and the burning of the Confederate supply train forced an armistice and ended Southern attempts to seize New Mexico and Colorado.
      - The victory made Glorieta Pass the Gettysburg of the West, and the Colorado Volunteers later served importantly in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas.
      - Gilpins leadership and foresight were thereby vindicated, but slander and misinformation had already cost him the governorship, as Lincoln removed him in April 1862 and John Evans replaced him in May, even though the federal government eventually honored the scrip Gilpin had issued.
      - Gilpins political role continued afterward: when Colorado sought statehood in 1865 he was elected governor, but Andrew Johnson vetoed the statehood bill, backed Alexander Cummings as territorial governor, and produced a struggle between two governors; repeated enabling acts then failed until Colorado was finally admitted to the Union in 1876.
    - —I Understanding that time was not on their side, Gilpin’s First Regiment of Colorado Volunteers marched 40 miles per day for 10 days through the snow, arriving at Fort Union on March 10,1862.
    - From Fort Union, Colorado forces alongside two other union companies totalling 1342 soldiers departed on March 22 nd meeting Sibley’s Texan troops at the southern entrance of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, also known as Glorieta Pass.
    - Two days of fierce battles ensured during which time the Confederates were driven back to Apache Canyon.
    - When their supply train was discovered and burned by Union forces under the leadership of Coloradans, Sibley’s forces were forced to request an armistice.
    - Southern attempts to take New Mexico and Colorado ended there, and Glorieta Pass came to be known as the “Gettysburg of the West”.
    - Gilpin’s Colorado Volunteers went on to play vital roles in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri and Kansas during the Civil War.
    - While Gilpin’s foresight and leadership had finally been vindicated, it was too late.
    - The months-long campaign of slander and mis-information led by Gilpin’s enemies proved successful and by April 16,1862 William Gilpin was relieved of his post by Lincoln and replaced by John Evans as Governor of Colorado on May 16,1862.
    - Realizing too late the wisdom of the issuance of scrip, the federal government honored Gilpin’s greenbacks.
    - The story of Gilpin’s role as Governor of Colorado would not end there however.
    - In 1865, Colorado was admitted as a state of the Union with two senators and representatives while Gilpin was elected Governor.
    - President Andrew Johnson, who was in the midst of undermining as many of Lincoln’s victories as possible during his short time in office, vetoed the Colorado bill under the premise that Colorado had no authority to become a state under the 1865 Enabling Act and backed his appointed Alexander Cummings as Territorial governor, thus creating a struggle of two governors for several months.
    - From 1865-1867 three more redrafted enabling acts were attempted but failed to pass into law.
    - It was only in 1876 that Colorado was finally admitted as a State of the Union.
  - Part Six - The Post War Years and the Cosmopolitan Railway
    - Section Summary
      - Empire had to fall: The postwar years joined hope with tragedy as forces loyal to Lincolns vision fought to block the revival of the slave power inside America and to break the British Empire abroad, since that empire was understood as the controlling hand behind the Confederacy.
      - Seward, Grant, and Sumner worked to build political and economic bridges with other nations, and their measures served the wider aim of linking America to Eurasia and China through the transcontinental railway.
      - The 1867 Alaska Purchase, the 1870 Alabama Affair exposing British military support for the Confederacy, the effort to strip Britain of its remaining North American possessions, the Seward-Burlingham Treaty with China in 1868, and Grants support after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 all advanced this internationalization of the American System while carrying forward Lincolns reconstruction and reconciliation.
    - The years following the Civil War were racked with hope and tragedy.
    - The forces loyal to Lincoln’s vision fought both within America and globally against the Slave power that only seconds after Lincoln’s last breath were already working hard to revive their twisted power hold on America.
    - Internationally, these patriotic forces understood well that the British Empire was the hand controlling the confederate slave power and this empire had to be destroyed.
    - The figures leading this combat included Lincoln’s Secretary of State William Seward, General Ulysses Grant and Senator Charles Sumner, all of whom worked valiantly to build political and economic bridges with countries the world over.
    - Some of their early post-war maneuvers included the surprise purchase of Alaska from the Russians in 1867, and the exposure of the British hand behind the Civil War in the Alabama Affair of 1870 which was the first international trial finding the British government guilty of militarily supporting the confederacy^^, in recompense for this crime, Sumner and Seward wanted the British to cede all of their remaining possessions in North America, which would have given great fuel to the connection of the Trans Continental Railway with Eurasia.
    - Russia had, after all played an instrumental role in Lincoln’s victory and was preparing to follow America's lead by commencing construction of its own trans-continental railroad.
    - Both Sumner and Seward were strong advocates of uniting America’s destiny with China.
    - Seward and U.
    - S. Consul to Beijing, General Anson Burlingham, working in tandem with Seward’s son George Frederick Seward (U.
    - S. Consul to Shanghai), organized the Seward-Burlingham Treaty of 18 6 8 with China, giving China free emigration and travel in America, reciprocal access to education for citizens living in the others’ country, and favored nation status with the United States.
    - Senator Sumner expressed his understanding of America’s connection with China and the Trans-continental railroad during his 1867 speech in defense of the Alaska Purchase:
    - "To unite the East of Asia with the West of America is the aspiration of commerce now as when the English navigator (Meares) recorded his voyage.
    - Of course, whatever helps this result is an advantage.
    - The Pacific railroad is such an advantage; for, though running westward, it will be, when completed, a new highway to the East.”
    - 1^
    - When President Ulysses Grant came to power in 1869, the Trans Continental begun under Lincoln at the height of the Civil War had just been completed uniting the continent from coast to coast.
    - Grant gave much support to this internationalization of the American system while also fighting valiantly to advance Lincoln’s plans for reconstruc tion and reconciliation with an emancipated Americab^L.
  - The Transcontinental Railway
    - Section Summary
      - Railway world union: Gilpin gave the most concrete form to the program of international public works by presenting a universal railway system as the organizing principle of a new civilization.
      - He joined the expansion of gold coin and great public works as mutually reinforcing forces that would enthrone industrial organization among nations, envisioned the American transcontinental railways extending through Bering Strait into Russia, China, Moscow, and London, and treated South America, Africa, and Australasia as connected feeders through Panama, Suez, and the Oriental island chains.
      - On this basis he held that Chinas awakening on American System principles would help renew the West, that railway connection would replace oligarchical geopolitics and zero-sum conflict with practical Christian fraternity and industrial cooperation, and that the large debts required from America and Russia would be repaid through the productive power of the public works themselves, as Civil War debt had been.
    - William Gilpin was not least among this group, and his hundreds of speeches, publisher maps and writings went further than any other statesman to concretize what those international public works would look like.
    - In 1860, Gilpin wrote
    - "Two auspicious elements in human civilization by their rapid growth in power and importance, fix our attention- the indefinite multiplication of gold coin and international public works.
    - These two elements, so operating as to mutually stimulate and sustain each other, promise to enthrone industrial organization as the ruling principle of nations."l^l
    - Describing what this grand design for international public works would look like, Gilpin wrote in his widely read 1890 magnum opus the Cosmopolitan Railway:
    - "Rail-ways continue to extend themselves, soon to become a universal system over all the lands of the globe.
    - We have seen the energies of the American people, bringing into line and into use these new powers, span their continent with the Pacific railways, as with the rapidity of lightning from a mountain loud.
    - Availing themselves of the favorable thermal warmth upon the Plateau and upon the immediate seacoasts, bathed by the Asiatic gulf stream, they will continue to expand their work to Bering Straits, where all the continents are united.
    - This will extend itself along similarly propitious thermal selvage of the oriental Russian coasts into China.
    - To prolong this unbroken line of cosmopolitan railways along the latitudinal plateau of Asia, to Moscow and to London, will not have long delay.
    - The less significant and isolated continents of the southern hemisphere- South America, Africa, and Australasia- will be reached by feeders through Panama, Suez and the chain of Oriental peninsulas and islands.
    - The whole area and all the populations of the globe will be thus united and fused by land travel and railway.”H^
    - Through the inevitable adoption of American system principles, Gilpin again re-emphasized his long held belief that the inevitable awakening of China would be the basis for renewal and salvation of the west:
    - "In Asia, a civilization resting on a basis of remote antiquity has had, indeed, a long pause but a certain civilization- although hitherto hermetically sealed up from European influence- has continued to exist.
    - The ancient Asiatic colossus, in a certain sense, needed only to be awakened to new life, and European Culture finds a basis there on which it can build future reforms".11^
    - Always poetically working to uplift the mind of the reader to a new paradigm, Gilpin described what this new state of human civilization was destined to look like as "winwin cooperation” replaced the outdated geopolitical doctrines of "might makes right” and zero sum thinking prevalent under oligarchism:
    - "The weapons of mutual slaughter are hurled away; the sanguinary passions find a check, a majority of the human family is found to accept the essential teachings of Christianity IN PRACTICE...
    - Room is discoveredfor industrial virtue and industrial power.
    - The civilized masses of the world meet; they are mutually enlightened, and fraternize to reconstitute human relations in harmony with nature and with God.
    - The world ceases to be a military camp, incubated only by the military principles of arbitrary force and abject submission.
    - A new and grand order in human affairs inaugurates itself out of these immense concurrent discoveries and events"^^
    - Gilpin not only provided a philosophical moral imperative for the new paradigm for mankind but provided in great detail the economic, geophysical, and cultural means foi it to be practically carried into reality, explaining that the 2-3 hundred million of dollar: of debt which America and Russia would incur in building it would easily be paid back the same way that the Civil War debt was paid off via public works.
    - In the year of Gilpin’: writing The Cosmopolitan Railway, the momentum carrying civilization into a bright future of common destiny was powerful and few could anticipate the tragedy and chao: that would be unleashed when the future that should have been was held back for over a century.
  - Part Seven - Gilpin’s Grand Design Takes on New Life in the 21 st Century
    - Section Summary
      - World landbridge revived: Britains ouster of Bismarck and its wave of assassinations against American System leaders helped drive the world toward chaos and war in order to preserve a morally and financially bankrupt imperial system.
      - Against that Malthusian legacy, Xi Jinpings 2013 Belt and Road Initiative, joined with Russias Eurasian Economic Union, BRICS, the SCO, and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, gives Gilpins world landbridge its strongest modern expression.
      - The New Silk Road and BRICS alliance thus renew the lineage of Gilpin, Sumner, Steward, and Lincoln as an alternative to a British war drive pushing toward World War 3, while leaving open whether Donald Trump will bring America into that project.
    - It has often stated that the slide into World War One did not begin with the 1914 assassination of Austria’s archduke Ferdinand, but in reality with the British-orchestrated ouster of America’s great friend Chancellor Otto von Bismark in 1890.
    - The wave of assassinations of American System leaders both in America and internationally during the tense post-Civil War period was unleashed by a desperate British Empire whose system was both morally and financially bankrupt, and which could only sustain its obsolete existence by literally overturning the geopolitical chessboard into a cauldron of chaos on the simple gamble that it could manipulate little minds to kill each other over petty scraps while the empire re-grouped and renewed itself in the bloody purgative violence of its victimsd^l.
    - With Xi Jinping’s announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 and its unification with Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union, BRICS, SCO, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, this dream has taken on its most powerful expression in history.
    - While the heirs of the Malthusian legacy of wars and plague promoted by the British Empire of the past century push the world ever closer to World War 3, the heirs of the legacy of Gilpin, Sumner, Steward, and Lincoln continue to extend olive branches offering western nations a chance to re-discover their better selves before the point of no-return has been passed.
    - The New Silk Road and BRICS alliance has revived Gilpin's dream of constructing the world landbridge in the modern era.
    - The question remains: Will Donald Trump bring America on board?
- Chapter 15 - How Huxley’s X Club Derailed a 19 th Century System of Win Cooperation
  - Chapter Summary
    - Empire shifted strategy: In 1865 the X Club was formed under Thomas Huxley, Matthew Arnold, Joseph Hooker, and Herbert Spencer to reorganize British imperial policy at a moment of imperial overreach and weakening.
    - The old maritime system of trade domination, usury, cash-cropping, pauperism, and war was being challenged by the expanding American System associated with Henry C. Carey, which advanced protective tariffs and directed credit to raise wealth, wages, profits, civilization, and peace.
    - Mental force replaced force: The imperial response was to move from direct material coercion toward control through ideas, institutions, and definitions of science.
    - Huxley and the X Club promoted Darwinian natural selection and, through Nature and allied networks, imposed a statistical-empiricist science of limits that denied creative reason in mankind and nature and recast science as a closed doctrine of necessity rather than an open pursuit of truth and perfectibility.
    - Malthus armed oligarchy: This science of limits made Malthus's population principle the core of an oligarchical social doctrine in which war, famine, and disease appeared as natural instruments for reducing surplus population.
    - Darwin's theory served this political purpose because it universalized Malthus across living nature, blurred the distinction between man and beast, and normalized a jungle morality, while Carey answered that over-population dogma merely excused the powerful, justified slavery and ruin, and denied that growing populations can advance peace, order, and conscious human development.
    - Purpose governs life: A substantial anti-Darwinian current in nineteenth-century science upheld an ordered, directional, and purposive evolution rather than random bottom-up accumulation.
    - Figures including Dana, Lamarck, Humboldt, Cuvier, von Baer, and Silliman treated organisms and the biosphere as harmoniously regulated wholes and saw inquiry as participation in Creation, thereby preserving both higher creativity in nature and humanity's unique power to transform discovery into scientific and technological progress that overcomes supposed limits to growth.
    - Cadres organized empire: The Fabian Society and the Round Table Group institutionalized this reorganized imperial strategy by training selected elites, resisting sovereign nation-states, and coordinating policy across the Anglo-Saxon world.
    - With the London School of Economics, Oxford, the Rhodes Trust, and figures such as Sidney and Beatrice Webb, H.
    - G. Wells, Halford Mackinder, George Parkin, Alfred Milner, Keynes, and Russell, these networks targeted North America, especially Canada, while patriotic American forces repeatedly rallied around McKinley, Harding, and Franklin Roosevelt against British-directed efforts to derail the anti-colonial republic and the cooperative development outlook it represented.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Empire in retreat: In 1865 the X Club was formed under Thomas Huxley, Matthew Arnold, Joseph Hooker, and Herbert Spencer to reform British imperial strategy at a moment of imperial crisis.
      - Britain had overextended itself through the Crimean War, the Second Chinese Opium War, the suppression of Indian uprisings, and sponsorship of the Southern Confederacy, while Lincolns North was defeating the secessionist rebellion that British intelligence had long nurtured.
      - Against that weakening imperial order stood the expanding American System coordinated internationally by Henry C. Carey, who opposed the English system of trade-and-transport domination, pauperism, and war with a productive system of protective tariffs and directed credit aimed at raising wealth, wages, profits, civilization, and peace.
    - In 186 5, a group of 12 scientists under the leadership of Thomas Huxley, Matthew Arnold, Joseph Hooker, and Herbert Spencer (founder of social Darwinism) was created under the name "X Club” with the mandate to reform global British Imperial strategy.
    - At the time of this group’s formation, Lincoln’s north was on the cusp of putting down the secessionist rebellion which the British Intelligence establishment had worked decades to nurture guided by Anglo-American operatives in America itself as well as operations in British Canada.
    - Having far over-extended itself during the 2 nd Chinese Opium War (1856-1860) to the Crimean War (1853-1856) to putting down Indian uprisings (1857-1858) and sponsoring the Southern Confederacy (1861-1865), the British Empire knew that it was on the verge of collapse.
    - The world was quickly waking up to its evil nature, and a new paradigm of win cooperation was being exported from Lincoln's America to nations across the world.
    - Lincoln’s chief economic advisor and coordinator of the export of the American system internationally after the Civil War was named Henry C. Carey.
    - As early as 1851, Carey wrote his Harmony of Interests which stated:
    - "Two systems are before the world; the one looks to increasing the proportion of persons and of capital engaged in trade and transportation, and therefore to diminishing the proportion engaged in producing commodities with which to trade, with necessarily diminished return to the labour of all; while the other looks to increasing the proportion engaged in the work oj production, and diminishing that engaged in trade and transportation, with increased return to all, givingto the labourer good wages, and to the owner of capital good profits...
    - One looks to pauperism, ignorance, depopulation, and barbarism; the other in increasing wealth comfort, intelligence, combination of action, and civilization.
    - One looks towards universal war; the other towards universal peace.
    - One is the English system; the other we may be prouc to call the American system, for it is the only one ever devised the tendency of which was tha\ of elevating while equalizing the condition of man throughout the world."
    - British vs American methods of debt payments While the British Empire used their closed system taka: Malthusian) logic to extract every ounce of blood from a dead com as mi messed in their starvation policy of India via free trade /left), the American school sought to increase the wealth production of the nation as a w hole via protective tariffs, and directed credit show cased to the world in the 1876 Centennial exposition (right/
  - Reorganize or Perish
    - Section Summary
      - Mental empire: The emerging new paradigm threatened to make the British Empires maritime domination of trade, usury, and cash-cropping obsolete, so imperial policy had to be reorganized or perish.
      - T.
      - H. Huxley and the X Club were assigned to shift control from material force to mental force, establishing the guiding scientific principles later applied through the Fabian Society and Rhodes Scholar Trust.
      - Huxley, despite not believing in the scientific merits of Natural Selection, promoted it relentlessly and used the 1869 magazine Nature, with other X Club members, to propagate a statistical-empiricist redefinition of science that denied creative reason in mankind and nature, reducing science from the unbounded pursuit and perfectibility of truth to a mathematically sealed science of limits.
    - The British Empire knew that this emerging new paradigm would render both its maritime control of international trade as obsolete as its international program of usury and cash cropping.
    - It was clear that something had to change dramatically, for if the empire could not adapt in response to this new paradigm, it surely would soon perish.
    - The task of reshaping imperial policy from a "material force” approach of control to a more “mental force” of control, was assigned to T.
    - H. Huxley and the X Club.
    - This group established the guiding scientific principles of empire that were soon put into practice by two new think tanks known as the Fabian Society and Rhodes Scholar Trust.
    - Huxley, who is famously known as ‘Darwin’s bulldog’ for relentlessly promoting Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection (a theory in whose scientific merits he didn’t even believed^) soon decided that the group should establish a magazine to promote their propaganda.
    - Charles Darwin (left) and his handler T.
    - H. Huxley (right) derived the theory of Natural Selection published in 1859 from Thomas Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population (1799)
    - Founded in 1869, the magazine was called Nature and featured articles by Huxley and several X Club members.
    - The deeper purpose of the X Club and its magazine was geared towards the redefinition of all branches of science around a statistical-empiricist interpretation of the universe which denied the existence of creative reason in mankind or nature.
    - Science was converted from the unbounded study and perfectibility of truth to t mathematically sealed "science of limits”.
  - Darwin, Malthus and the Political Use of a ‘Science of Limits’
    - Section Summary
      - Malthus justified culling: The science of limits made Malthuss population principle the basis of an oligarchical economic doctrine that treated periodic population collapse as a law of nature to be managed by a ruling scientific priesthood.
      - War, famine, and disease were cast as natures instruments for reducing surplus population, and Malthuss own prescription to facilitate mortality exposed a cold doctrine that concealed elite power behind supposedly objective necessity.
      - Darwin served empire: The X Club backed Darwinian natural selection less as a scientific judgment than as a political weapon because Darwins theory explicitly arose from Malthuss population doctrine and extended it to all living creation.
      - By universalizing Malthus, they blurred the qualitative distinction between human beings and animals and normalized a jungle morality useful to oligarchical rule, while Henry C. Carey answered that over-population doctrine merely excused the rich and powerful, justified slavery, anarchy, and ruin, and denied the evidence that growing populations can advance peace, order, and human self-direction.
    - The science of "limits" became the foundation of an oligarchical economic science for the elite and naturally had to be kept hidden from the minds of the general population since it followed Thomas Malthus’ mathematical principle of population growth.
    - Malthus’ “principle” of population supposed that unthinking humans reproduce geometrically while nature’s bounty only grows arithmetically and as such periodic population collapses were an unavoidable law of nature which could at best be managed by an oligarchical scientific priesthood who were obliged to periodically cull the herd.
    - Malthus and the X Club leaders believed that nature bestowed upon the ruling class certain tools to accomplish this important task (namely war, famine and disease) and Malthus stated so cold-bloodedly in his 1799 Essay on Populations!!;
    - “We shouldfacilitate, instead of foolishly and vainly endeavoring to impede, the operations of nature in producing this mortality; and if we dread the too frequent visitation of the horrid form of famine, we should sedulously encourage the other forms of destruction, which we compel nature to use.
    - In our towns we should make the streets narrower, crowd more people into the houses, and court the return of the plague.”
    - The X Club’s support of the Darwinian theory of Natural Selection was less a scientific decision in this respect and more of a political one, as Darwin later admitted in his autobiography that his own theory arose directly from his study of Malthus:
    - “In October 1838, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.
    - The result would be the formation of a new species.
    - Here then, I had at last got a theory by which to work".
    - By universalizing Malthus onto all living creation, the X Club obscured the qualitative difference between humans and monkeys which was advantageous for an empire that can only control humans when they adopt the law of the jungle as standards of moral practice and identity formation rather than anything actually moral.
    - It was thus no accident that Henry C. Carey targeted Darwinism, Malthus and the X Club relentlessly in his Unity of Law: An Exhibition on the Relations of Physical, Social, Mental and Moral Science (1872).
    - In this important book, Carey attacked all systems founded upon master-slave relations saying:
    - “Hence it is that it has given rise to the doctrine of over-population, which is simply that of slavery, anarchy and societary ruin, as the ultimate condition of mankind; that, too, coming as a consequence of laws emanatingfrom an all-wise and all powerful Being who could, ifHt would, have instituted laws in virtue of which freedom, order, peace and happiness would have been the lot of man.
    - That these latter have been instituted- that the scheme of creation is not a failure; that is marred by no such errors as those assumed by Mr. Malthus; is proved by all the facts presented for consideration by the advancing communities of the world- the habit of peace, among both individuals and nations, growing with growth of numbers, and increase in power for self-direction.’’^^-
    - Although Malthus’s theories (and their economic corollaries in the works of Mill, Smith and Ricardo) had formerly done the job of "scientifically justifying” the empire, something more sophisticated was needed as the world was quickly seeing through the frauc as Carey demonstrated in his widely read “Unity of Law” (1872):
    - “Mr. Malthus was led to invent a law of population by means of which to relieve the rich ana powerful from all responsibility for the existing state of things; giving them assurance that the poverty and wretchedness by which they were everywhere surrounded had resulted from the fact that the Creator had sent upon the earth large numbers of people for whom He had provided no table at which they might be allowed to eat, no materials by aid of which they might be clothed; thus furnishing the theory by aid of which subsequent writers have been enabled, as they supposed, to prove that, in the British Islands, man had become ‘a drug’ and ‘population a nuisance'."
    - Darwin (left) and his bulldog Huxley (right) would be chosen as the enforcers of an un-natural view of nature in conformity with the rule of oligarchy'
  - Anti-Darwinian Approaches to Evolution
    - Section Summary
      - Cooperative evolution: Nineteenth-century life science offered a substantial anti-Darwinian alternative in which figures such as James Dwight Dana, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Alexander von Humboldt, Georges Cuvier, Karl Ernst von Baer, and Benjamin Silliman rejected both a static biblical nature and a bottom-up Darwinian mechanism, and instead advanced an ordered, directional, and purposive conception of evolution.
      - Science and religion were not split, because inquiry meant participation in Gods Creation, where organisms and the biosphere were understood as more than the sum of their parts and as bound by mutual regulation and harmony rather than chance.
      - Von Baer expressed this directly by insisting that enduring natural order depends upon lawful relationships among processes, while chance destroys rather than creates.
      - Against this, Huxley and the Darwinians reduced evolution to random changes in the small aggregating upward into species and the biosphere, and the X Clubs imperial school thereby denied both higher creativity and humanitys unique power to turn creative discovery into scientific and technological progress that expands our ability to overcome supposed limits to growth.
    - Although we are told too often today that no alternative system ever existed outside of Darwin’s theory of evolution, a closer inspection of science history during the 19 th century proves that to be far from true.
    - During this period, an anti-Darwinian scientific revolution was blossoming in the life sciences under the guiding leadership of figures like James Dwight Dana, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Alexander von Humboldt, Georges Cuvier, Karl-Ernst von Baer, and Benjamin Silliman.
    - These scientists not only began questioning the static theory of nature as derived from a literal reading of the Bible, but made huge strides in realizing the higher causal mechanisms defining the flow of evolution.
    - James Dwight Dana (left) and Benjamin Silliman (right) led the American System approach io natural science through the illustrious American Journal of Science and Arts (middle)
    - Unlike many of our modern scientists, these figures never saw a dichotomy separating science from religion, as "science” was understood as nothing less than the investigation and participation in God's Creation, and as such the biosphere and all “units” within it were implicitly defined as more than the sum of its parts and all fast approach ing theories of evolution that were driven by intention, harmony and directionality.
    - This outlook was showcased brilliantly by the great naturalist and embryologists Karl Ernst von Baer who wrote in his "On the Purpose of Nature” (1876):
    - “The reciprocal interconnections of organisms with one another and their relationship to the universal materials that offer them the means for sustaining life, is what has been callee the harmony of nature, that is a relationship of mutual regulation.
    - Just as tones only give rise to a harmony when they are bound together in accordance with certain rules so can the individual processes in the wholeness of nature only exist and endure if they stand in certain relationships to one another.
    - Chance is unable to create anything enduring, rather it is only capable of destruction."
    - Huxley and the Darwinians on the other hand, promoted an opposing “bottom up” interpretation of evolution by starting with the imagined ‘random mutations’ in the immeasurably small which supposedly added up to the collective sum of all species and biosphere.
    - This biosphere was thus defined as little more than the sum of its parts.
    - The imperial school of Huxley’s X Club denied not only creativity’s existence from this higher metaphysical standpoint, but also denied the fact that humanity can uniquely translate the fruits of those creative discoveries into new forms of scientific and technological progress which had the effect of increasing our species’ ability to transcend our “limits to growth” (or as modern neo-Malthusians have termed our "carrying capacity”).
  - The Round Table and Fabian Society
    - Section Summary
      - Imperial cadres formed: The Fabian Society and the Round Table Group were created as instruments of a new imperial grand strategy.
      - The section presents the Fabians as a circle of eugenics-minded imperial intellectuals led by Sidney and Beatrice Webb and joined by figures including H.
      - G. Wells, Halford Mackinder, John Maynard Keynes, and Bertrand Russell, with the London School of Economics serving to train young elite recruits.
      - It presents the Round Table, established at Oxford in 1902 under George Parkin and Lord Alfred Milner and financed by Cecil Rhodes, as a parallel network spread across the Anglo-Saxon Commonwealth.
      - Rhodes will and Parkins Imperial Federation are used to show the same purpose: build a disciplined imperial order through selected youth, resist the disintegrating forces of sovereign nation states, and coordinate policy toward destroying creative open-system thought in political economy and science while subordinating humanity to a global feudal master class.
      - North America targeted: These think tanks quickly moved from doctrine to action, with Milner recruiting Fabian leader Halford Mackinder in 1908 to address North America through work in Canada funded by the Rhodes Trust.
      - Mackinder treated Canada as geopolitically decisive within Britains Great Game because it stood between Eurasian powers and the United States at a moment when projects such as a Bering Strait rail link still reflected cooperation among sovereign-development currents.
      - Against this imperial design, patriotic American forces are presented as repeatedly rallying around defenders of the anti-colonial republic: William McKinley against an Anglo-American distortion of Manifest Destiny, Warren Harding against the Round Tables plans after McKinleys assassination, and Franklin Roosevelt during the Depression-era crisis against the British-run deep state said to be attacking Americas better traditions.
    - To put the new imperial grand strategy into motion, two new think tanks were soon brought online.
    - The first of the two was called the Fabian Society created in 18 8 4 by a nest of eugenicsloving intellectuals led by Sidney and Beatrice Webb alongside "slaughter useless eaters” George Bernard Shaw^^.
    - Soon the group attracted leading imperial luminaries to its fold including Thomas Huxley's student H.
    - G. Wells, Lord Halford Mackinder, John Maynard Keynes and Lord Bertrand Russell.
    - The group soon established a school from which to indoctrinate talented young members of the global elite named the London School of Economics.
    - In 1902, just one year after William McKinley, the last “Lincoln Republican” president was assassinated, a second think tank called the Round Table Group was established in Oxford under the control of "race patriots” George Parkin and Lord Alfred Milner.
    - Soon branches of "Roundtables" across all Anglo-Saxon Commonwealth were created as outlined by Professor Carrol Quigley’s post-humously published Anglo-American Estab lishment®.
    - The funding for this group was paid for by the fortunes of racist diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes and its mandate was illustrated in Rhodes’ 1877 will:
    - “Let us form the same kind of society, a Church for the extension of the British Empire.
    - A society which should have its members in every part of the British Empire working with one object and one idea we should have its members placed at our universities and our schools and should watch the English youth passing through their hands just one perhaps in every thousand would have the mind and feelings for such an object, he should be tried in every way, he should be tested whether he is endurant, possessed of eloquence, disregardful of the petty details of life, and if found to be such, then elected and bound by oath to serve for the rest of his life in his Country.
    - He should then be supported if without means by the Society and sent to that part of the Empire where it was felt he was needed."
    - The Rhodes Trust set up shop in Oxford where young talent from across the commonwealth were soon brainwashed under Rhodes Scholarships becoming a new generation of imperial high priests guided by Rhodes’ edict that a new Church of the British Empire be established.
    - These think tanks would coordinate British policy with a two-fold aim: 1) the destruction of all creative open system thought in political economy and science 2) the subjugation of the race to a new global feudal order managed by a master class.
    - In his manifesto entitled Imperial Federation (189 2)^, the man who would become the co-founder and director of the Rhodes Trust (George Parkin), wrote of the inevitable collapse of the empire, unless the "disintegrating forces” of sovereign nation states could be destroyed:
    - “Has our capacity for political organization reached its utmost limit?
    - For the British people this is the question of questions.
    - In the whole range of possible political variations in the future there is no issue of such far reaching significance, not merely for our own people but for the world at large, as the question whether the British Empire shall remain a political unit... or yielding to disintegrating forces, shall allow the stream of the national life to be parted into many separate channels."
    - These new think tanks wasted no time in putting a new grand strategy into action.
    - A leader of the Round Table Group founded in 1902 was named Lord Alfred Milner who devoted himself whole heartedly to the task of creating a new church of the British Empire.
    - In 1908, Milner persuaded Fabian Society leader Lord Halford Mackinder to quit his job as director of the London School of Economics to help resolve the problems of North America (all paid for by the Rhodes Trust).
    - During his dozens of public and private lectures across Canada, Mackinder laid out his clear understanding of the geopolitical importance of Canada within Britain’s 'Great Game’ that few then or even now recognized sitting as it does as a wedge between Eurasian powers and the USA... and whose forces of attraction were still great.
    - Czar Nicholas himself had only recently commissioned a study of the Bering Strait rail tunnel in 1906- supported by leading representatives of the Lincoln and Czar Alexander II currents in both countries.
    - As we will see in Volume 2 of the Clash of the Two Americas, patriotic American forces committed to a world of sovereign nation states rallied first around the last Lincoln republican in the elections of 1897 whereby President William McKinley became the 25 th president of the United States.
    - During McKinley’s presidency, the anti-colonial heritage of the United States was defended against those who believed in an Anglo-American perversion of Manifest Destiny.
    - After McKinley’s 1902 assassination, those same patriotic forces rallied to the side of Warren Harding who became president in 1920, again throwing a wrench into the Round Table movement’s designs until he too died under mysterious circumstances.
    - Finally, before falling into ungovernability during the dark years of the Great Depression, these same patriots who understood the nature of America’s better traditions and the British-run deep state that sought to destroy it, rallied again around Franklin Roosevelt, whose 13 year struggle forever re-shaped the course of history.
- Appendix 1 - The Declaration of Independence In Congress, July 4,1776
  - Chapter Summary
    - Equal rights require: One people may rightfully dissolve the political bands connecting them with another when they must declare the causes of separation before mankind.
    - All men are created equal and possess unalienable rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and governments exist to secure those rights by the consent of the governed.
    - Long-established governments should not be changed for light and transient causes, but a long train of abuses and usurpations aimed at absolute despotism makes it the people's right and duty to throw off such government and provide new guards for future security.
    - Royal power usurped: The King of Great Britain pursued repeated injuries and usurpations designed to establish absolute tyranny over the states.
    - He obstructed necessary laws, dissolved representative houses, delayed elections, denied representation, interfered with legislatures, obstructed naturalization and land measures, and made judges dependent on his will.
    - He multiplied offices and officers, kept standing armies in peace without legislative consent, and made the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
    - Government was overthrown: By pretended legislation and foreign jurisdiction, rights were systematically violated through quartering troops, shielding them from punishment, cutting off trade, imposing taxes without consent, denying trial by jury, transporting accused persons overseas, and altering neighboring government into a model of arbitrary rule.
    - Charters were taken away, valuable laws abolished, colonial governments fundamentally altered, and legislatures suspended under a claimed power to legislate in all cases whatsoever.
    - The crown then abdicated government by declaring the colonies out of its protection and waging war against them through plunder, destruction, foreign mercenaries, forced service against their own country, and incitement of domestic insurrections and frontier warfare.
    - Free states stand: Humble petitions for redress brought only repeated injury, and appeals to British brethren were likewise rejected despite common kindred and justice.
    - A prince marked by every act defining a tyrant is unfit to rule a free people, and separation therefore became necessary.
    - The united colonies are free and independent states, absolved from allegiance to the British Crown and from all political connection with Great Britain, and they possess full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts that independent states may rightfully do, upheld by mutual pledges of lives, fortunes, and sacred honor.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Separation is necessary: One people may dissolve the political bands connecting them with another and assume a separate and equal station when respect for mankind requires a declaration of the causes impelling that separation.
      - All men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; governments are instituted to secure those rights by the consent of the governed.
      - Prudence forbids changing long-established governments for light and transient causes, but a long train of abuses and usurpations aimed at absolute despotism makes it the people's right and duty to throw off such government and provide new guards for their future security.
      - Tyranny subverted government: The present King of Great Britain established a pattern of repeated injuries and usurpations directed toward absolute tyranny over the states.
      - He refused or obstructed necessary laws, dissolved representative houses, delayed new elections, denied representation, manipulated legislatures, obstructed naturalization and land policy, and made judges dependent on his will.
      - He multiplied offices and officers, kept standing armies in peace without legislative consent, and made the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
      - Rights were overthrown: The king joined with others to impose a foreign and unacknowledged jurisdiction through pretended legislation that quartered troops, protected them from punishment, cut off trade, imposed taxes without consent, deprived the colonies of trial by jury, transported accused persons overseas, and altered neighboring government into an example of arbitrary rule.
      - He took away charters, abolished valuable laws, fundamentally altered colonial governments, suspended legislatures, declared power to legislate in all cases whatsoever, and then abdicated government by declaring the colonies out of his protection and waging war against them.
      - He plundered seas, ravaged coasts, burned towns, destroyed lives, sent foreign mercenaries, forced captives to bear arms against their country, and incited domestic insurrections and frontier warfare.
      - Independence is declared: Humble petitions for redress were answered only by repeated injury, proving a prince marked by every act defining a tyrant unfit to rule a free people.
      - Appeals to British brethren, grounded in common kindred and justice, were likewise rejected, making separation a necessity and fixing the relation henceforth as enemies in war and friends in peace.
      - Therefore the united colonies are declared free and independent states, absolved from allegiance to the British Crown and from all political connection with Great Britain, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and perform all acts that independent states may rightfully do, sustained by mutual pledges of lives, fortunes, and sacred honor.
    - The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
    - We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
    - Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
    - But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
    - The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
    - To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
    - He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
    - He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
    - He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
    - He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
    - He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
    - He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
    - He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstruct ing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
    - He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
    - He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
    - He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harras: our people, and eat out their substance.
    - He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
    - He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
    - He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
    - For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
    - For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
    - For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
    - For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
    - For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
    - For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
    - For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
    - For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
    - For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
    - He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
    - He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
    - He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
    - He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
    - He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
    - In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.
    - A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
    - Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren.
    - We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
    - We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.
    - We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
    - They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
    - We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
    - We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, anc that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.
    - And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
- Appendix 2 - Lincoln’s 1839 Speech in Defense of a Third National Bank
  - Chapter Summary
    - Sub-Treasury injures circulation: The Sub-Treasury is a bad fiscal system because it would injuriously affect the community through the circulating medium, cost more, and keep the public money less securely than a National Bank.
    - The Whig case has not been met on the facts, and the issue remains whether public revenue shall stay active in the channels of business or be locked away in government custody.
    - Locked specie crushes debtors: A National Bank kept revenue in use by lending it between collection and disbursement, but the Sub-Treasury would withdraw that money into iron boxes and, with a specie-collecting policy, draw a great share of the nations hard money into the hands of office-holders and public creditors.
    - That contraction would also destroy the wider paper circulation resting on specie, forcing debts made under a fuller currency to be paid in a scarcer and dearer one, spreading bankruptcy and lasting hardship, especially in the public-land states where land prices stay fixed while produce and labor fall.
    - Bank costs less: The late National Bank performed the whole fiscal service of receiving, keeping, transferring, and disbursing the revenue without expense to the Government and even paid $75,000 a year for its privileges, while the Sub-Treasury would impose heavy new annual costs.
    - Even taking moderate figures between the lowest and highest estimates, the difference runs to $405,000 each year in favor of the Bank, a sum too large to throw away for no public gain.
    - Experience proves safety: Repeated experience shows that the Sub-Treasury would be a less secure depository than a National Bank, because defalcations have repeatedly occurred among the very officers who would hold the funds, while the Banks handled nearly five hundred millions of public money over forty years without costing the Government a cent in loss.
    - The difference lies not in superior honesty but in incentives and structure: under the Bank system duty and interest run together, exposure is quicker, and even robbery losses fall on the Bank, whereas the Sub-Treasury leaves money longer in individual hands and multiplies both temptation and opportunity to embezzle.
    - Constitution equally allows: The constitutional objection to a National Bank fails because leading early authorities, repeated acts of Congress, and the Supreme Court have treated it as constitutional, and because the same want of express authorization would strike the Sub-Treasury as well.
    - Congress has express power over taxation and revenue and may make all laws necessary and proper to execute that power, so the real necessity is for some fiscal agent, while the choice between a Bank and a Sub-Treasury depends on which is the more proper and expedient instrument.
    - Freedom forbids surrender: Expected defeat and the spread of political corruption do not justify abandoning a just cause.
    - Fidelity to the countrys freedom must stand without regard to consequences, and the duty remains never to bow, never to desert, and never to falter, whether resistance prevails or ends in ruin, chains, torture, or death.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Sub-Treasury harms: Lincoln resumes the dispute over the Administrations Sub-Treasury scheme against a National Bank and rejects the charge that the Whigs have avoided argument, insisting that their facts and arguments have gone unanswered by Douglas and his allies.
      - He states three propositions against the Sub-Treasury as a fiscal system: it will injuriously affect the community through its operation on the circulating medium, it will be a more expensive fiscal agent, and it will be a less secure depository of the public money.
    - [Photos and captions were supplied by Nancy Spannaus, President of American System Now]
    - FELLOW CITIZENS: It is peculiarly embarrassing to me to attempt a continuance of the discussion, on this evening, which has been conducted in this Hall on several preceding ones.
    - It is so, because on each of those evenings, there was a much fuller attendance than now, without any reason for its being so, except the greater interest the community feel in the Speakers who addressed them then, than they do in him who is to do so now.
    - I am, indeed, apprehensive, that the few who have attended, have done so, more to spare me of mortification, than in the hope of being interested in anything I may be able to say.
    - This circumstance casts a damp upon my spirits, which I am sure I shall be unable to overcome during the evening.
    - But enough of preface.
    - The subject heretofore, and now to be discussed, is the Sub-Treasury scheme of the present Administration, as a means of collecting, safe-keeping, transferring and disbursing the revenues of the Nation, as contrasted with a National Bank for the same purposes.
    - Mr. Douglass has said that we (the Whigs), have not dared to meet them (the Locos), in argument on this question.
    - I protest against this assertion.
    - I assert that we have again and again, during this discussion, urged facts and arguments against the Sub-Treasury, which they have neither dared to deny nor attempted to answer.
    - But lest some may be led to believe that we really wish to avoid the question, I now propose, in my humble way, to urge those arguments again; at the same time, begging the audience to mark well the positions I shall take, and the proof I shall offer to sustain them, and that they will not again permit Mr. Douglass or his friends, to escape the force of them, by a round and groundless assertion, that we “dare not meet them in argument.”
    - Stephen A. Douglas was the spokesman for the Democratic Party’s Sub-Treasury scheme.
    - Of the Sub-Treasury then, as contrasted with a National Bank, for the before enumerated purposes, I lay down the following propositions, to wit:
    - 1 st. It will injuriously affect the community by its operation on the circulating medium
    - 2 d.
    - It will be a more expensive fiscal agent.
    - 3 d.
    - It will be a less secure depository of the public money.
  - Cutting Back Credit
    - Section Summary
      - Idle Revenues Harm: A National Bank kept public revenues in circulation by lending them between collection and disbursement, whereas the Sub-Treasury would lock them in iron boxes and withdraw money from use.
      - The administrations policy points toward collecting revenue in specie, and because specie in the United States is limited, this would draw more than half the nations hard money into the hands of office-holders and public creditors, benefiting a small few at the expense of the many.
      - The withdrawal would reach beyond the revenue itself by destroying the larger paper circulation resting on that specie base.
      - Contraction Ruins Debtors: A sharp reduction in circulation would spread distress, bankruptcy, and beggary by forcing debts contracted under a fuller currency to be paid under a scarcer and dearer one, so that debtors lose property, creditors lose uncollectable claims, and business is broken up.
      - Though such disorder may be temporary in the country at large, it would impose a peculiar and lasting hardship on settlers in the public-land states and territories, because land prices fixed by law would remain while produce and labor fell, making homes far harder to obtain.
      - Experience also refutes the claim that the Sub-Treasury would leave money effectively in use or that a National Bank necessarily deranges the currency, since the late Bank paid for the use of public funds and maintained a sound and uniform currency while it operated successfully with governmental support.
    - To show the truth of the first proposition, let us take a short review of our condition under the operation of a National Bank.
    - It was the depository of the public revenues.
    - Between the collection of those revenues and the disbursements of them by the government, the Bank was permitted to, and did actually loan them out to individuals, and hence the large amount of money annually collected for revenue purposes, which by any other plan would have been idle a great portion of time, was kept almost constantly in circulation.
    - Any person who will reflect, that money is only valuable while in circulation, will readily perceive, that any device which will keep the government revenues, in constant circulation, instead of being locked up in idleness, is no inconsiderable advantage.
    - By the Sub-Treasury, the revenue is to be collected, and kept in iron boxes until the government wants it for disbursement; thus robbing the people of the use of it, while the government does not itself need it, and while the money is performing no nobler office than that of rusting in iron boxes.
    - The natural effect of this change of policy, every one will see, is to reduce the quantity of money in circulation.
    - But again, by the Sub-Treasury scheme the revenue is to be collected in specie.
    - I anticipate that this will be disputed.
    - I expect to hear it said, that it is not the policy of the Administration to collect the revenue in specie.
    - If it shall, I reply, that Mr. Van Buren, in his message recommending the Sub-Treasury, expended nearly a column of that document in an attempt to persuade Congress to provide for the collection of the revenue in specie exclusively; and he concludes with these words.
    - "It may be safely assumed, that no motive of convenience to the citizen, requires the reception of Bank paper.”
    - In addition to this, Mr. Silas Wright, Senator from New York, and the political, personal and confidential friend of Mr. Van Buren, drafted and introduced into the Senate the first SubTreasury Bill, and that bill provided for ultimately collecting the revenue in specie.
    - It is true, I know, that clause was stricken from the bill, but it was done by the votes of the Whigs, aided by a portion only of the Van Buren Senators.
    - No Sub-Treasury bill has yet become a law, though two or three have been considered by Congress, some with and some without the specie clause; so that I admit there is room for quibbling upon the question of whether the administration favor the exclusive specie doctrine or not; but I take it, that the fact that the President at first urged the specie doctrine, and that under his recommendation the first bill introduced embraced it, warrants us in charging it as the policy of the party, until their head as publicly recants it, as he at first espoused it—I repeat then, that by the Sub-Treasury, the revenue is to be collected in specie.
    - Now mark what the effect of this must be.
    - By all estimates ever made, there are but between 60 and 80 millions of specie in the United States.
    - The expenditures of the Government for the year 1838, the last for which we have had the report, were 40 millions.
    - Thus it is seen, that if the whole revenue be collected in specie, it will take more than half of all the specie in the nation to do it.
    - By this means more than half of all the specie belonging to the fifteen million of souls, who compose the whole population of the country, is thrown into the hands of the public office-holders, and other public creditors, composing in number, perhaps not more than one-quarter of a million; leaving the other fourteen millions and three-quarters to get along as they best can, with less than one-half of the specie of the country, and whatever rags and shin-plasters they may be able to put, and keep, in circulation.
    - By this means, every office-holder, and other public creditor, may, and most likely will, set up shaver; and a most glorious harvest will the specie men have of it; each specie man, upon a fair division, having to his share, the fleecing of about 59 rag men.
    - In all candor, let me ask, was such a system for benefiting the few at the expense of the many, ever before devised?
    - And was the sacred name of Democracy, ever before made to endorse such an enormity against the rights of the people?
    - I have already said that the Sub-Treasury will reduce the quantity of money in circulation.
    - This position is strengthened by the recollection, that the revenue is to be collectec in specie, so that the mere amount of revenue is not all that is withdrawn, but the amount of paper circulation that the 40 millions would serve as a basis to, is withdrawn which would be in a sound state at least 100 millions.
    - When 100 millions, or more, of the circulation we now have, shall be withdrawn, who can contemplate, without terror, the distress, ruin, bankruptcy and beggary, that must follow.
    - The man who has purchased any article, say a horse, on credit, at 100 dollars, when there are 200 millions circulating in the country, if the quantity be reduced to 100 millions by the arrival of pay-day, will find the horse but sufficient to pay half the debt; and the other half must either be paid out of his other means, and thereby become a clear loss to him; or go unpaid, and thereby become a clear loss to his creditor.
    - What I have here said of a single case of the purchase of a horse, will hold good in every case of a debt existing at the time a reduction in the quantity of money occurs, by whomsoever, and for whatsoever it may have been contracted.
    - It may be said, that what the debtor loses, the creditor gains by this operation; but on examination this will be found true only to a very limited extent.
    - It is more generally true that all lose by it.
    - The creditor, by losing more of his debts, than he gains by the increased value of those he collects; the debtor by either parting with more of his property to pay his debts, than he received in contracting them; or, by entirely breaking up in his business, and thereby being thrown upon the world in idleness.
    - The general distress thus created, will, to be sure, be temporary, because whatever change may occur in the quantity of money in any community, time will adjust the derangement produced; but while that adjustment is progressing, all suffer more or less, and very many lose every thing that renders life desirable.
    - Why, then, shall we suffer a severe difficulty, even though it be but temporary, unless we receive some equivalent for it?
    - What I have been saying as to the effect produced by a reduction of the quantity of money, relates to the whole country.
    - I now propose to show that it would produce a peculiar emd. permanent hardship upon the citizens of those States and Territories in which the public lands lie.
    - The Land Offices in those States and Territories, as all know, form the great gulf by which all, or nearly all, the money in them, is swallowed up.
    - When the quantity of money shall be reduced, and consequently every thing under individual control brought down in proportion, the price of those lands, being fixed by law, will remain as now.
    - Of necessity, it will follow that the produce or labor that now raises money sufficient to purchase 80 acres, will then raise but sufficient to purchase 40, or perhaps not that much.
    - And this difficulty and hardship will last as long, in some degree, as any portion of these lands shall remain undisposed of.
    - Knowing, as I well do, the difficulty that poor people now encounter in procuring homes, I hesitate not to say, that when the price of the public lands shall be doubled or trebled; or, which is the same thing, produce and labor cut down to one-half or one-third of their present prices, it will be little less than impossible for them to procure those homes at all.
    - In answer to what I have said as to the effect the Sub-Treasury would have upon the currency, it is often urged that the money collected for revenue purposes will not lie idle in the vaults of the Treasury; and, farther, that a National Bank produces greater derangement in the currency, by a system of contractions and expansions, than the Sub Treasury would produce in any way.
    - In reply, I need only show, that experience proves the contrary of both these propositions.
    - It is an undisputed fact, that the late Bank of the United States, paid the Government $75,000 annually, for the privilege of using the pub lie money between the times of its collection and disbursement.
    - Can any man suppose, that the Bank would have paid this sum, annually for twenty years, and then offered to renew its obligations to do so, if in reality there was no time intervening between the collection and disbursement of the revenue, and consequently no privilege of using the money extended to it?
    - Martin van Buren was a leading architect of the anti-bank campaign
    - Again, as to the contractions and expansions of a National Bank, I need only point to the period intervening between the time that the late Bank got into successful operation and that at which the Government commenced war upon it, to show that during that period, no such contractions or expansions took place.
    - If before, or after that period, derangement occurred in the currency, it proves nothing.
    - The Bank could not be expected to regulate the currency, either before it got into successful operation, or after it was crippled and thrown into death convulsions, by the removal of the deposits from it, and other hostile measures of the Government against it.
    - We do not pretend, that a National Bank can establish and maintain a sound and uniform state of currency in the country, in spite of the National Government; but we do say, that it has established and maintained such a currency, and can do so again, by the aid of that Government; and we further say, that no duty is more imperative on that Government, than the duty it owes the people, of furnishing them a sound and uniform currency.
  - Which System Costs More?
    - Section Summary
      - Bank Saves Money: The late National Bank received, kept, transferred, and disbursed the public revenue without expense to the Government and even paid $75,000 yearly for its privileges, whereas the Sub-Treasury would impose added cost.
      - Taking the Treasury Secretarys $60,000 estimate and Mr. Rivess $600,000 estimate as opposite extremes, the fair mean, combined with the lost $75,000 payment from the Bank, yields a yearly difference of $405,000 in favor of the Bank.
      - That amount is far too large to waste for nothing, being enough to pay pensions for more than 4,000 Revolutionary soldiers or buy forty-acre tracts for more than 8,000 poor families, and no answer is offered to this charge of needless expense.
    - I now leave the proposition as to the effect of the Sub-Treasury upon the currency of the country, and pass to that relative to the additional expense which must be incurred by it over that incurred by a National Bank, as a fiscal agent of the Government.
    - By the late National Bank, we had the public revenue received, safely kept, transferred and disbursed, not only without expense, but we actually received of the Bank $75,000 annually for its privileges, while rendering us those services.
    - By the Sub-Treasury, according to the estimate of the Secretary of the Treasury, who is the warm advocate of the system and which estimate is the lowest made by any one, the same services are to cost $60,000.
    - Mr. Rives, who, to say the least, is equally talented and honest, estimates that these services, under the Sub-Treasury system, cannot cost less than $600,000.
    - For the sake of liberality, let us suppose that the estimates of the Secretary and Mr. Rives, are the two extremes, and that their mean is about the true estimate, and we shall then find, that when to that sum is added the $75,000, which the Bank paid us, the difference between the two systems, in favor of the Bank, and against the Sub-Treasury, is $405,000 a year.
    - This sum, though small when compared to the many millions annually expended by the General Government, is, when viewed by itself, very large; and much too large, when viewed in any light, to be thrown away once a year for nothing.
    - It is sufficient to pay the pensions of more than 4,000 Revolutionary Soldiers, or to purchase a 40-acre tract of Government land, for each one of more than 8,000 poor families.
    - To the argument against the Sub-Treasury, on the score of additional expense, its friends, so far as I know, attempt no answer.
    - They choose, so far as I can learn, to treat the throwing away $405,000 once a year, as a matter entirely too small to merit their democratic notice.
  - Securing the Public’s Money
    - Section Summary
      - Experience proves insecurity: The fair analogy of past experience shows that the Sub-Treasury would be a less safe depository of the public money than a National Bank.
      - Defalcations have repeatedly occurred among the very class of officers who would hold the funds under the Sub-Treasury, while the National Banks performed the Governments fiscal operations for forty years, handled an aggregate of nearly five hundred millions of dollars, and cost the Government not one dollar or one cent by loss.
      - The point does not rest on any claim that bank officers are more honest than government officers, but on the stronger fact that some dishonesty will exist in both classes and that repeated experience has already shown how the two systems differ in results.
      - Interest aligns duty: A Sub-Treasurers personal interest stands against his duty, because the money in his hands tempts him to flee with it, while a Banks interest stands with its duty, because faithfulness preserves its business and unfaithfulness destroys its charter and capital.
      - Under the Bank system, collectors quickly pay funds into the Bank, failures are exposed by missing certificates of deposit, and losses from robberies fall on the Bank rather than on the Government; under the Sub-Treasury, money lies idle for longer periods in individual hands, especially in the hands of new Receivers General, so temptation and opportunity to embezzle are multiplied while reports and inspections cannot reliably detect an adroit peculator.
      - The proposed penitentiary remedy concedes the danger without preventing it, and punishment after theft does not restore the public money; the sound object is to prevent the theft, and the National Bank has already proved itself the successful plan.
    - I now come to the proposition, that it would be less secure than a National Bank, as a depository of the public money.
    - The experience of the past, I think, proves the truth of this.
    - And here, inasmuch as I rely chiefly upon experience to establish it, let me ask, how is it that we know any thing—that any event will occur, that any combination of circum stances will produce a certain result—except by the analogies of past experience?
    - What has once happened, will invariably happen again, when the same circumstances which combined to produce it, shall again combine in the same way.
    - We all feel that we know that a blast of wind would extinguish the flame of the candle that stands by me.
    - How do we know it?
    - We have never seen this flame thus extinguished.
    - We know it, because we have seen through all our lives, that a blast of wind extinguishes the flame of a candle whenever it is thrown fully upon it.
    - Again, we all feel to know that we have to die.
    - How?
    - We have never died yet.
    - We know it, because we know, or at least think we know, that of all the beings, just like ourselves, who have beer coming into the world for six thousand years, not one is now living who was here two hundred years ago.
    - I repeat then, that we know nothing of what will happen in future, but by the analogy o: experience, and that the fair analogy of past experience fully proves that the Sub-Treasury would be a less safe depository of the public money than a National Bank.
    - Examine it.
    - By the Sub-Treasury scheme, the public money is to be kept, between the times of its collection and disbursement, by Treasurers of the Mint, Custom-house officers, Land officers, and some new officers to be appointed in the same way that those first enumerated are.
    - Has a year passed since the organization of the Government, that numerous defalcations have not occurred among this class of officers?
    - Look at Swartwout with his $1,200,000, Price with his $75,000, Harris with his $109,000, Hawkins with his $ 100,000, Linn with his $55,000, together with some twenty-five hundred lesser lights.
    - Place the public money again in these same hands, and will it not again go the same way?
    - Most assuredly it will.
    - But turn to the history of the National Bank in this country, and we shall there see, that those Banks performed the fiscal operations of the Government thro’ a period of 40 years, received, safely kept, transferred, disbursed, an aggregate of nearly five hundred millions of dollars; and that, in all that time, and with all that money, not one dollar, nor one cent, did the Government lose by them.
    - Place the public money again in a similar depository, and will it not again be safe?
    - But, conclusive as the experience of fifty years is, that individuals are unsafe depositories of the public money, and of forty years that National Banks are safe depositories, we are not left to rely solely upon that experience for the truth of those propositions.
    - If experience were silent upon the subject, conclusive reasons could be shown for the truth of them.
    - The Sub-Treasury scheme called for keeping government funds at the Treasury, rather than put them to work through a National Bank.
    - Shown, Construction of the U.
    - S. Treasury building in the 1860 s.
    - It is often urged, that to say the public money will be more secure in a National Bank, than in the hands of individuals, as proposed in the Sub-Treasury, is to say, that Bank directors and Bank officers are more honest than sworn officers of the Government.
    - Not so.
    - We insist on no such thing.
    - We say that public officers, selected with reference to their capacity and honesty, (which by the way, we deny is the practice in these days,) stand an equal chance, precisely, of being capable and honest, with Bank officers selected by the same rule.
    - We further say, that with however much care selections may be made, there will be some unfaithful and dishonest in both classes.
    - The experience of the whole world, in all by-gone times, proves this true.
    - The Saviour of the world chose twelve disciples, and even one of that small number, selected by superhuman wisdom, turned out a traitor and a devil.
    - And, it may not be improper here to add, that Judas carried the bag—was the Sub-Treasurer of the Saviour and his disciples.
    - We then, do not say, nor need we say, to maintain our proposition, that Bank officers are more honest than Government officers, selected by the same rule.
    - What we do say, is, that the interest of the Sub-Treasurer is against his duty—while the interest of the Bank is on the side of its duty.
    - Take instances—a Sub-Treasurer has in his hands one hundred thousand dollars of public money; his duty says—You ought to pay this money over"— but his interest says, You ought to run away with this sum, and be a nabob the balance of your life.”
    - And who that knows anything of human nature, doubts that, in many instances, interest will prevail over duty, and that the Sub-Treasurer will prefer opulent knavery in a foreign land, to honest poverty at home?
    - But how different is it with a Bank?
    - Besides the Government money deposited with it is doing business upon a large capital of its own.
    - If it proves faithful to the Government, it continues its business; if unfaithful, it forfeits its charter, breaks up its business, and thereby loses more than all it can make by seizing upon the Government funds in its possession.
    - Its interest, therefore, is on the side of its duty—is to be faithful to the Government, and consequently, even the dishonest amongst its managers, have no temptation to be faithless to it.
    - Even if robberies happen in the Bank, the losses are borne by the Bank, and the Government loses nothing.
    - It is for this reason then, that we say a Bank is the more secure.
    - It is because of that admirable feature in the Bank system, which places the interest and the duty of the depository both on one side; whereas that feature can never enter into the Sub-Treasury system.
    - By the latter, the interest of the individuals keeping the public money, will wage an eternal war with their duty, and in very many instances must be victorious.
    - In answer to the argument drawn from the fact that individual depositories of public money, have always proved unsafe, it is urged that even if we had a National Bank, the money has to pass through the same individual hands, that it will under the Sub-Treasury.
    - This is only partially true in fact, and wholly fallacious in argument.
    - It is only partially true, in fact, because by the Sub-Treasury bill, four Receivers General are to be appointed by the President and Senate.
    - These are new officers, and consequently, it cannot be true that the money, or any portion of it, has heretofore passed thro’ their hands.
    - These four new officers are to be located at New York, Boston, Charles ton, and St. Louis, and consequently are to be the depositories of all the money collectec at or near those points; so that more than three-fourths of the public money will fall into the keeping of these four new officers, which did not exist as officers under the National Bank system.
    - It is only partially true, then, that the money passes through the same hands, under a National Bank, as it would do under the Sub-Treasury.
    - It is true, that under either system, individuals must be employed as Collectors of the Customs, Receivers at the Land Offices, &c. &c. but the difference is, that under the Banl system, the receivers of all sorts, receive the money and pay it over to the Bank once a week when the collections are large, and once a month when they are small, whereas, by the Sub-Treasury system, individuals are not only to collect the money, but they are to keep it also, or pay it over to other individuals equally unsafe as themselves, to be by them kept, until it is wanted for disbursement.
    - It is during the time that it is thus lying idle in their hands, that opportunity is afforded, and temptation held out to them to em bezzle and escape with it.
    - By the Bank system, each Collector or Receiver, is to deposit in Bank all the money in his hands at the end of each month at most, and to send the Bank certificates of deposit to the Secretary of the Treasury.
    - Whenever that certificate of deposit fails to arrive at the proper time, the Secretary knows that the officer thus failing, is acting the knave; and if he is himself disposed to do his duty, he has him immediately removed from office, and thereby cuts him off from the possibility of embezzling but little more than the receipts of a single month.
    - But by the Sub-Treasury System, the money is to lie month after month in the hands of individuals; larger amounts are to accumulate in the hands of the Receivers General, and some others, by perhaps ten to one, than ever accumulated in the hands of individuals before; yet during all this time, in relation to this great stake, the Secretary of the Treasury can comparatively know nothing.
    - Reports, to be sure, he will have, but reports are often false, and always false when made by a knave to cloak his knavery.
    - Long experience has shown, that nothing short of an actual demand of the money will expose an adroit peculator.
    - Ask him for reports and he will give them to your heart’s content; send agents to examine and count the money in his hands, and he will borrow of a friend, merely to be counted and then returned, a sufficient sum to make the sum square.
    - Try what you will, it will all fail till you demand the money—then, and not till then, the truth will come.
    - The sum of the whole matter, I take to be this: Under the Bank system, while sums of money, by the law, were permitted to lie in the hands of individuals,/or very short periods only, many and very large defalcations occurred by those individuals.
    - Under the Sub-Treasury system, much larger sums are to lie in the hands of individuals/or much longer periods, thereby multiplying temptation in proportion as the sums are larger; and multiplying opportunity in proportion as the periods are longer to, and for, those individuals to embezzle and escape with the public treasure; and, therefore, just in the proportion, that the temptation and the opportunity are greater under the Sub-Treasury than the Bank system, will the peculations and defalcations be greater under the forme] than they have been under the latter.
    - The truth of this, independent of actual experience, is but little less than self-evident.
    - I therefore, leave it.
    - But it is said, and truly too, that there is to be a Penitentiary Department to the SubTreasury.
    - This, the advocates of the system will have it, will be a “king-cure-all."
    - Before I go farther, may I not ask if the Penitentiary Department, is not itself an admission that they expect the public money to be stolen?
    - Why build the cage if they expect to catch nc birds?
    - But to the question how effectual the Penitentiary will be in preventing defalcations.
    - How effectual have Penitentiaries heretofore been in preventing the crimes they were established to suppress?
    - Has not confinement in them long been the legal penalty of larceny, forgery, robbery, and many other crimes, in almost all the States?
    - And yet, an not those crimes committed weekly, daily, nay, and even hourly, in every one of those States?
    - Again, the gallows has long been the penalty of murder, and yet we scarcely oper a newspaper, that does not relate a new case of that crime.
    - If then, the Penitentiary has ever heretofore failed to prevent larceny, forgery and robbery, and the gallows and halter have likewise failed to prevent murder, by what process of reasoning, I ask, is it that we are to conclude the Penitentiary will hereafter prevent the stealing of the public money?
    - But our opponents seem to think they answer the charge, that the money will be stolen, fully, if they can show that they will bring the offenders to punishment.
    - Not so.
    - Will the punishment of the thief bring back the stolen money?
    - No more so than the hanging of a murderer restores his victim to life.
    - What is the object desired?
    - Certainly not the greatest number of thieves we can catch, but that the money may not be stolen.
    - If, then, any plan can be devised for depositing the public treasure, where it will be never stolen, never embezzled, is not that the plan to be adopted?
    - Turn, then, to a National Bank, and you have that plan, fully and completely successful, as tested by the experience of forty years.
    - I have now done with the three propositions that the Sub-Treasury would injuriously affect the currency, and would be more expensive and less secure as a depository of the public money than a National Bank.
    - How far I have succeeded in establishing their truth is for others to judge.
    - Omitting, for want of time, what I had intended to say as to the effect of the Sub-Treasury, to bring the public money under the more immediate control of the President, than it has ever heretofore been, I now only ask the audience, when Mr. Calhoun shall answer me, to hold him to the questions.
    - Permit him not to escape them.
    - Require him either to show, that the Sub-Treasury would not injuriously affect the currency, or that we should in some way, receive an equivalent for that injurious effect.
    - Require him either to show that the Sub-Treasury would not be more expensive as a fiscal agent, than a Bank, or that we should, in some way be compensated for that additional expense.
    - And particularly require him to show, that the public money would be as secure in the Sub-Treasury as in a National Bank, or that the additional insecurity would be over-balanced by some good result of the proposed change.
    - No one of them, in my humble judgment, will he be able to do; and I venture the prediction, and ask that it may be especially noted, that he will not attempt to answer the proposition, that the Sub-Treasury would be more expensive than a National Bank as afisca agent of the Government.
  - The Constitutionality Question
    - Section Summary
      - Equal constitutional footing: The objection that a National Bank is unconstitutional fails both because leading early authorities, repeated congressional judgments, and the Supreme Court have treated it as constitutional, and because the same lack of express constitutional authorization urged against a Bank applies with equal force to the Sub-Treasury.
      - Congress possesses express power over taxation and revenue, together with authority to make all laws necessary and proper to execute that power; since collecting, safeguarding, transferring, and disbursing revenue require some fiscal agent, a Bank may constitutionally serve that function.
      - The demand that a Bank be shown absolutely indispensable is absurd, because it would disqualify every possible fiscal agent: the true constitutional necessity is for some agent, while the choice between a Bank and a Sub-Treasury turns on which is more proper as a matter of expediency, and an act of incorporation is simply a law Congress may pass when it is necessary and proper.
    - As a sweeping objection to a National Bank, and consequently an argument in favor of the Sub-Treasury as a substitute for it often has been urged, and doubtless will be again, that such a bank is unconstitutional.
    - We have often heretofore shown, and therefore need not in detail do so again, that a majority of the Revolutionary patriarchs, whoever acted officially upon the question, commencing with Gen. Washington and embracing Gen. Jackson, the larger number of the signers of the Declaration, and of the framers of the Constitution, who were in the Congress of 1791, have decided upon their oaths that such a bank is constitutional.
    - We have also shown that the votes of Congress have more often been in favor of than against its constitutionality.
    - In addition to all this we have shown that the Supreme Court—that tribunal which the Constitution has itsel: established to decide Constitutional questions—has solemnly decided that such a bank is constitutional.
    - Alexander Hamilton answered the question of the Bank’s constitutionality in 1791.
    - Protesting that these authorities ought to settle the question—ought to be conclusive, I will not urge them further now.
    - I now propose to take a view of the question which I have not known to be taken by anyone before.
    - It is, that whatever objection ever has or ever can be made to the constitutionality of a bank, will apply with force in its whole length, breadth, and proportions to the Sub-Treasury.
    - Our opponents say, there is no express authority in the Constitution to establish a Bank, and therefore a Bank is unconstitutional; but we, with equal truth, may say, there is no express authority in the Constitution to establish a Sub-Treasury, and therefore a Sub-Treasury is unconstitutional.
    - Who then, has the advantage of this “express authority" argument?
    - Does it not cut equally both ways?
    - Does it not wound them as deeply and as deadly as it does us?
    - Our position is that both are constitutional.
    - The Constitution enumerates expressly several powers which Congress may exercise, superadded to which is a general authority to make all laws necessary and proper," for carrying into effect all the powers vested by the Constitution of the Government of the United States.
    - One of the express powers given Congress, is “To lay and collect taxes; duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States.”
    - Now, Congress is expressly authorized to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying this power into execution.
    - To carry it into execution, it is indispensably necessary to collect, safely keep, transfer, and disburse a revenue.
    - To do this, a Bank is "necessary and proper.”
    - But, say our opponents, to authorize the making of a Bank, the necessity must be so great, that the power just recited, would be nugatory without it; and that necessity is expressly negatived by the fact, that they have got along ten whole years without such a Bank.
    - Immediately we turn on them, and say, that sort of necessity for a Sub-Treasury does not exist, because we have got along/orty whole years without one.
    - And this time, it may be observed, that we are not merely equal with them in the argument, but we beat them/orty to ten, or which is the same thing, four to one.
    - On examination, it will be found, that the absurd rule, which prescribes that before we can constitutionally adopt a National Bank as a fiscal agent, we must show an indispensable necessity for it, will exclude every sort of fiscal agent that the mind of man can conceive.
    - A Bank is not indispensable, because we can take the Sub-Treasury; the SubTreasury is not indispensable because we can take the Bank.
    - The rule is too absurd to need further comment.
    - Upon the phrase necessary and proper," in the Constitution, it seems to me more reasonable to say, that some fiscal agent is indispensably necessary; but, inasmuch as no particular sort of agent is thus indispensable, because some other sort might be adopted, we are left to choose that sort of agent, which may be most proper" on grounds of expediency.
    - But it is said the Constitution gives no power to Congress to pass acts of incorporation.
    - Indeed!
    - What is the passing [of] an act of incorporation, but the making of a law?
    - Is anyone wise enough to tell?
    - The Constitution expressly gives Congress power to pass al] laws necessary and proper," If, then, the passing of a Bank charter, be the making a law necessary and proper," is it not clearly within the constitutional power of Congress to do so?...
  - My Commitment
    - Section Summary
      - Never Deserter: Election results and predictions of universal support for Van Buren do not justify surrender.
      - Political corruption may spread so widely that liberty is lost and even steadfast opponents are broken, yet the likelihood of defeat must not deter support for a cause judged just.
      - The oath is eternal fidelity to the countrys freedom without regard to consequences: never bow, never desert, and never falter in defending it, whether resistance succeeds or ends in disaster, chains, torture, or death.
    - I shall advert to but one more point.
    - Mr. Lamborn refers to the late elections in the States, and from their results, confidently predicts, that every State in the Union will vote for Mr. Van Buren at the next Presidential election.
    - Address that argument to cowards and to knaves; with the free and the brave it will effect nothing.
    - It may be true; if it must, let it.
    - Many free countries have lost their liberty; and ours may lose hers; but if she shall, be it my proudest plume, not that I was the last to desert, but that I never deserted her.
    - I know that the great volcano at Washington, aroused and directed by the evil spirit that reigns there, is belching forth the lava of political corruption, in a current broad and deep, which is sweeping with frightful velocity over the whole length and breadth of the land, bidding fair to leave unscathed no green spot or living thing, while on its bosom are riding like demons on the waves of Hell, the imps of that evil spirit, and fiendishly taunting all those who dare resist its destroying course, with the hopelessness of their effort; and knowing this, I cannot deny that all may be swept away.
    - Broken by it, I, too, may be; bow to it I never will.
    - The probability that we may fall in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just; it shall not deter me.
    - If ever I feel the soul within me elevate and expand to those dimensions not wholly unworthy of its Almighty Architect, it is when I contemplate the cause of my country, deserted by all the world beside, and I standing up boldly and alone and hurling defiance at her victorious oppressors.
    - Here, without contemplating consequences, before High Heaven, and in the face of the world, I swear eternal fidelity to the just cause, as I deem it, of the land of my life, my liberty, and my love.
    - And who, that thinks with me, will not fearlessly adopt the oath that I take.
    - Let none falter, who thinks he is right, and we may succeed.
    - But, if after all, we shall fail, be it so.
    - We still shall have the proud consolation of saying to our consciences, and to the departed shade of our country’s freedom, that the cause approved of our judgment, and adored of our hearts, in disaster, in chains, in torture, in death, we NEVER faltered in defending.
- Appendix 3 - Dimitri Mendeleyev, Scientist and Protectionist, Attacks Free Trade
  - Chapter Summary
    - Production Is Power: Russias strength now depends less on military force than on economic production, because the age is governed by science and industry rather than by armies, landed forms, or education taken by itself.
    - Peter the Greats reorganization pointed toward this future, and the pressing work is to build a coherent Russian economic life by developing industry, creating additional productive employment for the people, and securing a juster share of prosperity through industrial growth.
    - Protection Fits Russia: Russias agricultural period has passed, and the nation must develop its buried resources and industrial capacities so its people can gain new earnings and Russia can claim its proper place in world industrial progress.
    - Free trade is not a universal truth but a doctrine suited to countries whose manufacturing industry is already firmly established, whereas protectionism answers Russias present condition if it is applied rationally and not as an absolute.
    - The charge that protectionism is unscientific fails, because historical and experimental inquiry has overturned the orthodox free-trade school, blind submission to Adam Smith and David Ricardo is unwarranted, and contemporary economic science has broken with free-tradism at the roots.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Industry Secures Peace: Russias strength now resides not chiefly in arms but in economic production, because the coming age draws its power from science and industry rather than from armies, landholding forms, or even the highest education alone.
      - Peter the Greats reorganization pointed toward this destiny, and the urgent task is to create a coherent Russian economic life by developing industry, above all by finding additional productive work for the people and carrying Russia toward a juster share of prosperity through industrial growth.
      - Rational Protection Needed: Russias agricultural period has ended, its people need new earnings, and its buried resources and industrial capacities must be developed so the nation can win its proper place in world industrial progress.
      - Free trade doctrine is unsound as a universal principle and suits only countries whose manufacturing industry is already consolidated, while protectionism is appropriate for Russias present condition if applied rationally rather than absolutely.
      - Claims that protectionism is unscientific are false: historical and experimental inquiry overturns the orthodox free-trade school, the authority of Adam Smith and David Ricardo must not be accepted blindly, and contemporary economic science has broken with free-tradism at the roots.
    - After returning from the USA’s 1876 Centennial Exhibition where the American System was showcased for the first time to a global audience, the Great Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleyev collaborated with the man who soon became Russia’s Finance Minister Ivan A. Vyshnegradsky to set up the Committee on the Protective Tariff which he chaired.
    - Mendeleyev worked closely with Sergei Witte and in 1891 produced the Tariff Report outlining a grand design for the development of Russia’s interior using American System methods in opposition to British Free Trade starting with the Trans-Siberian Railway as the keystone project.
    - Below are excerpts from Mendeleyev’s Tariff Report.
    - Excerpts from the Tariff Report of 1891:
    - Peter the Great [Tsar 1682-1725] reorganized Russia, in order to prepare for its industrial growth and in order to lead it closer to the rest of the world, and together with the West.
    - (Until the abolition of serfdom and the construction of the railroads, the fundamental idea of the reformer could not be realized on a large scale; only the Russian eagles rose to meet this idea and made the ' ' colossus of the East" one of the powerful new forces, influencing the destiny of the whole world.)
    - Our weapons have been sheathed for a long time, although they are close at hand, but it is clear that strength does not reside in them, but rather in economic production relations....
    - If there is a visible glimmer of the dawn of general peace and of a just distribution of the prosperity possible for countries and peoples, then this is strictly thanks to industry, because the experience of history has shown the inadequacy of other means for achieving this—neither the concentration of military power, nor any particular form of land ownership, nor the very highest development of education....
    - The ancient and even the middle ages were strong due to armies and their conquests, but the coming period derives its strength from science and industry and their conquests....
    - The present book is intended, within my ability, to clarify the relation existing between the development of industry in our country and the tariff.
    - But since the tariff, like any law, is designed not for the past but for the present time, the degree of effect of the new tariff on industry belongs to Russia's future....
    - Most of all, it is my desire to show the possibility of a coherent Russian economic life through the development of its industry.
    - This will, however... be in full understanding that the possibility of finding additional productive work for the people is more necessary than anything else.
    - It is not without reason, that the whole world considers us Russians to be a still young and fresh people.
    - We're young and still fresh in respect to industry.
    - My knowledge of Russia's existing conditions and my knowledge of the Russian people's capabilities for the highest form of human activity, convince me that Russia's forthcoming industrial conquests should be the true crowning achievements of Peter, an unprecedented flourishing of Russia's strength.
    - Not to conquer India, the way history has it, but to conquer a more suitable place in the industrial progress of the entire world—this is what Peter bequeathed us, and not secretly, but openly.
    - But this will has remained as yet unfulfilled, and the time is ripe for its fulfillment.
    - Russia's agricultural period has come to a close.
    - There are so many seeking new additional earnings, and so many debts are piled up on the surface of the land, that one inevitably comes to think: Couldn't payment be extracted from underneath the arable layer?
    - For you realize, that a few hundred thousand Englishmen digging coal... earn for themselves and for all of Europe, just as much as tens of millions of Russians sowing and reaping rye....
    - The danger of free trade
    - In conclusion, I consider it necessary to say that one of the collateral causes for the appearance of this work is the circumstance that in our Russian literature very often, and in the current literature even too often, there are to be found works of the so-called free trade tendency, where it is usually asserted that protectionism is only supported in Russia by people who lack scientific training, and for petty, self-serving ends.
    - Belonging to the small circle of Russians who have given their entire lives to science, who own neither factories nor plants, and knowing that contemporary science has uncovered crude untruths and omissions in the ' ' classical" and ' ' orthodox" teachings of the free trade school, and, finally, seeing that the historical and experimental—that is the real-path of study of political economy leads to different conclusions than those of the freetraders, which are taken on faith as ' ' the last word in science"—I consider it my duty, partly in defense of truly contemporary, progressing science, to say openly and loudly that I stand for rational protectionism.
    - Free tradism as a doctrine is very shaky; the free trade form of activity suits only countries that have already consolidated their manufacturing industry; protectionism as an absolute doctrine is the same sort of nonsense as free trade absolutism; and the protectionist mode of activity is perfectly appropriate now for Russia, as it was for England in its time....
    - [Concerning] the ' ' classics" Adam Smith and David Ricardo, it is time to cease taking them at their word on everything.
    - It is worth reading them, but in reading them, one ought to see how erroneous is their reasoning; and if someone does not see this, then he should not pretend to understand the subject.
    - The doctrine of the free-traders may be logical, rational, and beautiful.
    - That does not mean it is true.
    - ' ' Phlogiston" was very logical, rational and beautiful, but it did not pass the test of experiment and turned into something completely different, to the degree that all chemistry was at one time called ' ' anti-phlogiston teaching."
    - It must be understood, that the economic doctrines of the ' ' nationalists" and the ' ' historical school" have long since broken free-tradism at the roots, and that contemporary economic science should, for clarity, be called ' ' anti-free trade."
    - This must, absolutely must be known by anyone who would speak on economic questions in the name of science.
- Appendix 4 - Keystones of Benjamin Franklin’s Life
  - Chapter Summary
    - Franklin united powers: Benjamin Franklin is presented as a figure who joined invention, science, publishing, civic founding, intelligence work, and public office in one career.
    - He is credited here with bifocals, the glass armonica, the rocking chair, the lightning rod, identifying the Gulf Stream in 1775, and electrical work that introduced terms including "battery," "charge," and "conductor."
    - He founded Philadelphias public library in 1731 and first fire department in 1736, founded the University of Pennsylvania, established the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 and printed Poor Richards Almanac from 1733 to 1759, proposed in 1743 a colonial learned society in constant correspondence that became the American Philosophical Society, was elected to the Philadelphia City Council in 1748, and in 1725 was deployed to England on a counter-intelligence operation involving the London Hellfire Club.
    - Franklin built nationhood: Franklins public career expanded from colonial office into imperial and national leadership.
    - After discovering electricity in 1752, he became Post-Master General of the Americas, created Canadas Post Office in Halifax in 1753, later extended lines to Quebec City and Montreal in 1763, proposed in 1754 the first plan to unite the 13 colonies that the Albany Congress adopted as the Plan of Union, became Pennsylvanias ambassador to England in 1757, issued Canada pamphlets in 1760 that won control of Canada, was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, served in 1776 on the four-man committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence, organized the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778 and the Treaty of Paris in 1783, and helped organize the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Franklin shaped institutions: Benjamin Franklin combined invention, scientific inquiry, civic founding, intelligence work, publishing, and public office.
      - He is credited here with bifocals, the glass armonica, the rocking chair, the lightning rod, identifying the Gulf Stream in 1775, and work on electricity that introduced terms such as "battery," "charge," and "conductor."
      - He created Philadelphias public library in 1731 and first fire department in 1736, founded the University of Pennsylvania, was deployed to England in 1725 on a counter-intelligence operation involving the London Hellfire Club, established the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 and printed Poor Richards Almanac from 1733 to 1759, proposed in 1743 a colonial learned society in constant correspondence that became the American Philosophical Society, and was elected to the Philadelphia City Council in 1748.
    - Inventor of bifocals, Glass Armonica, Rocking Chair, lightning Rod, discovered Gulf Stream in 1775, discovered electricity and invented terms like "battery", "charge”, and "conductor”.
    - Created first fire department (1736), public library in Philadelphia (1731), and founded the University of Pennsylvania
    - 1725: Deployed to England on counter-intelligence operation of London Hellfire Club
    - 1729: Set up Pennsylvania Gazette and began printing Poor Richards Almanac from 1733-1759
    - 1743: Authored Proposal for Promotion of Useful Knowledge “One society be formed of virtuosi or ingenious men, residing in the several colonies, to be called the American Philosophical Society who are to remain in constant correspondence”
    - 1748- Elected to Philadelphia City Council
  - 1751 - Member of the Colonial Assembly
    - Section Summary
      - Imperial leadership grows: From his place in colonial public life, Franklin moved rapidly into wider imperial and intercolonial leadership.
      - He discovered electricity in 1752 and was appointed Post-Master General of the Americas; in 1753 he created Canadas Post Office in Halifax and later extended lines to Quebec City and Montreal in 1763; in 1754 he put forward the first proposal to unite the 13 colonies, adopted by the Albany Congress as the Plan of Union; in 1757 he became Pennsylvanias ambassador to England; in 1760 his Canada pamphlets won control of Canada; and in 1775 he was elected to the Continental Congress.
    - 1752- Discovered electricity and appointed Post-Master general of the Americas
    - 175 3- Created Canada’s Post Office in Halifax and extended lines to Quebec City and Montreal in 1763 1754- First Proposal to unite the 13 colonies (Plan of Union adopted by Albany Congress)
    - 175 7- Appointed Pennsylvania ambassador to England
    - 1760- Wrote Canada Pamphlets which won control of Canada
    - 1775- Elected to the Continental Congress
  - 1776-Made Commissioner to Canada
    - Section Summary
      - Drafted independence: In 1776 Franklin served on the four-man committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence.
    - 1776- Led four-man committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
  - 1776- Made Ambassador to France
    - Section Summary
      - Franklin secured foundations: Franklin organized the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778, the Treaty of Paris establishing peace with Great Britain in 1783, and the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
    - Organized the Treaty of Alliance with France (1778), the Treaty of Paris establishing peace with Great Britain (1783) and the U.
    - S. Constitution (1787)
- Appendix 5 - Franklin Enriches the English Language and Cognitive Powers of the People
  - Chapter Summary
    - Useful effort prevails: Knowledge pays only when joined to action, preparation, and disciplined use of ones powers.
    - Well done exceeds well said, delay squanders time, tomorrows work should be done today, and neglected preparation brings failure.
    - Talents must not be hidden, and one should write or do something worth remembrance.
    - Independent character sustains liberty: Contentment enriches where discontent impoverishes, and thrift, industry, order, and honesty support health, wealth, and wisdom.
    - A true home nourishes mind as well as body, while self-command, peace with neighbors, and continual self-improvement strengthen civic independence.
    - Essential liberty must not be surrendered for temporary safety, and citizens must question authority.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Knowledge rewards action: Knowledge yields the best return when it is joined to action, preparation, and worthy effort.
      - Well done surpasses well said; delay wastes time; tomorrows work belongs to today; failure to prepare invites failure; and talents must be used rather than hidden.
      - Writing or doing something worth remembrance sets a standard of useful, disciplined accomplishment.
      - Liberty, thrift, and character: Contentment enriches while discontent impoverishes, and thrift, industry, and ordered habits support health, wealth, and wisdom.
      - Honesty remains the best policy, and a true home nourishes mind as well as body.
      - Moral self-command, peace with neighbors, and continual self-improvement belong with civic independence, because essential liberty must not be traded for temporary safety and citizens must question authority.
    - 1.
    - "Content makes poor men rich; discontent makes rich men poor.”
    - 2.
    - “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.”
    - 3.
    - "Well done is better than well said.”
    - 4.
    - “A house is not a home unless it contains food and fire for the mind as well as the body.”
    - 5.
    - "Honesty is the best policy.”
    - 6.
    - "You may delay, but time will not.”
    - 7.
    - "Wine is constant proof that God loves us and loves to see us happy.”
    - 8.
    - "Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today.”
    - 9.
    - "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.”
    - 10.
    - “ They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.”
    - 11 "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
    - 12.
    - “A penny saved is a penny earned.”
    - 13.
    - “Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing.”
    - 14.
    - "Be at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let every new year fine you a better man.”
    - 15.
    - "It is the first responsibility of every citizen to question authority.”
    - 16.
    - “Hide not your talents.
    - They for use were made.
    - What’s a sundial in the shade?”
- About the Authors
  - Chapter Summary
    - Distinct Author Profiles: Matthew Ehret serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Patriot Review, a BRI Expert on Tactical talk, and Senior Fellow at the American University in Moscow; in 2019 he co-founded the Montreal-based Rising Tide Foundation and is the author of the Untold History of Canada book series.
    - Cynthia Chung is editor and co-founder of the Rising Tide Foundation, writes for Strategic Culture Foundation, has lectured on Schillers aesthetics, Shakespeares tragedies, Roman history, and the Florentine Renaissance, is a classically trained pianist with experience leading choral works, and holds a BSc in Molecular Genetics.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Shared Institutional Roles: Matthew Ehret serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Patriot Review, a BRI Expert on Tactical talk, and Senior Fellow at the American University in Moscow, and in 2019 he co-founded the Montreal-based Rising Tide Foundation.
      - Cynthia Chung is editor and co-founder of the Rising Tide Foundation, writes for Strategic Culture Foundation, has lectured on Schillers aesthetics, Shakespeares tragedies, Roman history, and the Florentine Renaissance, is a classically trained pianist with experience leading choral works, and holds a BSc in Molecular Genetics.
      - Ehret is also the author of the Untold History of Canada book series.
    - Matthew Ehret is the Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Patriot Review, a BRI Expert on Tactical talk, and Senior Fellow at the American University in Moscow.
    - He is author of the ‘Untold History of Canada’ book series and in 2019 he co-founded the Montreal-based Rising Tide Foundation.
    - Cynthia Chung is editor and co-founder of the Rising Tide Foundation.
    - She has lectured on the topics of Schiller’s aesthetics, Shakespeare’s tragedies, Roman history, the Florentine Renaissance among other subjects.
    - She is a writer for Strategic Culture Foundation, is a classically trained pianist, has experience in leading choral works and holds a BSc in Molecular Genetics.
- Bibliography - Notes and References
  - Chapter Summary
    - Bibliography Retained: Bibliographic references are preserved verbatim and excluded from semantic summarisation.
  - Chapter Introduction
    - Section Summary
      - Bibliography Retained: Bibliographic references are preserved verbatim and excluded from semantic summarisation.
    - From Leibniz to Franklin on ‘Happiness’ by David Shavin, Fidelio, Vol. XII, No, 1.
    - Summer 2003
    - 121 For a full account of the British and French oligarchical elite’s collaboration in keeping the colonies suppressed and underdeveloped prior to the 7 Years War, see H. Graham Lowry’s How the Nation Was Won: America’s Untold Story vol. 1 (1630-1754), EIR, 1987
    - 121 How the heroic Irish won the American Revolution remembered this Patriot's Day by Phillip Thomas Tucker Ph.
    - D, published on Irish Central, Apr 15,2019
    - Hl Russian Princess Stands with Franklin as Comrade by John Nobel Wilford, March 14 2006, New York Times
    - 121 Revolutionary Heroes: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, by Blake Smith, Aeon Magazine Dec.
    - 7, 2016 121 George Washington’s Vernon Estate Encyclopedia: Morocco, by Mary V. Thompson
    - 12/ "Resolution, 7 May 1784," Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, 26:361-362.
    - 121 Benjamin Franklin and Chinese Civilization by Dr. David Wang, Dialogue of Civilizations, September 5, 2007
    - 121 China and the Founding of the United States The Influence of Traditional Chinese Civilization by David Xueliang Wang, Lexington Books, 2021
    - 1121 See chapter three of this book
    - U-11 Isaac Buchanan and the American System in Canada by Rob Ainsworth, Canada: Republic or Colony, Canadian Patriot Press Special edition, 2012
    - 1121 The story of Britain’s 1688 takeover is told in full in Graham Lowry’s How the Nation Was Won (1630-1754), EIR, 1987
    - 1121 Franklin’s deployment as a counter-intelligence spy into the London Hellfire Clubs in the
    - 1730 s as part of Cotton Mather’s battle against the empire is told in Graham Lowry’s How the Nation Was Won (1630-1754)
    - 1121 Who We Are: America's Fight for Universal Progress vol. 1 by Anton Chaitkin Section 1 [Franklin’s Circle Starts Modern England], 2020
    - 1121 Declaration of Independence: A Transcription (July 4,17 76)- See Appendix two for the full text
    - 1121 China and the Founding of the United States The Influence of Traditional Chinese Civilization by David Xueliang Wang, Lexington Books, 2021
    - 1121 A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of Paper Currency by Benjamin Franklin April 3,1729 re-published in Teaching American History
    - 1121 Colbert’s Dirigisme was premised on political economic practice of nation building with a focus on directing treasuries towards internal improvements and education, the use of protective tariffs to enhance the growth of manufacturing and local agriculture and especially the application of new technological discoveries to increasing the productive powers of labor.
    - Hamilton’s studies of Colbert shaped his formulation of his famous Reports of 1790-91 outlined in this book All reports can be found here: risingtidefoundation. net/alexander-hamilton
    - U 21 G.
    - W. Leibniz and the Ecumenical Alliance of All Eurasia by Elisabeth Hellenbroich Fidelio, Vol. V, No,3.
    - Fall 1996
    - 1201 The Interest of Great Britain Considered, [ 17 April 1760] by Benjamin Franklin republished in The Founders Online
    - 1211 Full text of John Winthrop’s Dreams of a City on a Hill speech of 1630 republished in the American Yawp Reader
    - 1221 From Benjamin Franklin to Lord Kames, 3 January 1760 republished in The Founders Online 1221 A Letter to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec [microform]: extract from the minutes o: the Congress by Dickinson, John, 1732-1808
    - 1211 Clement Gosselin: Canadian Patriot and American Revolutionary by Pierre Beaudry, published in the Untold History of Canada vol. 1
    - 1221 Additional works by Beaudry related to his studies on the French Revolution are to be found ir his Book “France Canada and the American Revolution” located in full here.
    - 1221 The story of Lafayette was immortalized in Beethoven’s singular masterpiece Fidelio.
    - Beethoven, an ardent follower of Friedrich Schiller, and the republican cause believed with many of the greatest artists that an age of creative reason was being ushered in until the French Revolution was sabotaged.
    - In assessing the psycho-spiritual failures of elites and the masses during the French Revolution, Schiller himself wrote his Aesthetical Letters (1794) commenting that “agrea moment had a found a little people”.
    - 1221 Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution by Germaine de Stael, newly revised translation of the 1818 English edition (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008).
    - 1221 Despite its boring name, the Congress of Vienna was a rip-roaring affair by John Masters, Hori zon Writers' Group, Sep 03, 2014
    - 1221 The story of Marquis de Lafayette's leading role in the American Society of the Cincinnati and it’s operations through France during this turbulent time is told by Asa Bird Gardiner in The order of the Cincinnati in France ("lordre de Cincinnatus.11) Its organization and history: with the military or naval records of the French members who became such by reason of qualifying service in the army or navy of France or of the United States in the war of revolution for American independence, The Rhode Island State Society of Cincinnati, 1905
    - &Q 1 Lafayette: The Tragedy of a Great Moment Meeting a Little People by Pierre Beaudry, 2008 £11 Foreign conspiracy against the liberties of the United States, Samuel EB.
    - Morse, New York, Chapin Publishes, 1841
    - 1221 Masons conspire for world power: the Pike-Mazzini correspondence by Anton Chaitkin, EIR vol. 20 no. 14,1993
    - 1221 Down the 1619 Project’s Memory Hole by Phillip W. Magness, Quillette, September 15, 2020 12 H These facts are outlined in extraordinary detail in The Idea of America and Our Mission Today by Robert Ingraham, EIR June 26, 2020
    - 1221 in the minds of those dirigistes like Franklin (including the Colbertist school of France, and its international leaders like Jonathon Swift, Daniel Dafoe, and Cotton Mather in America who all wrote pamphlets supporting manufacturing over slave labor), a machine produced by the creative mind of man can accomplish the work of 100 laborers- thus liberating those laborers from the demands of the material forces of nature and freeing them to develop their powers of mind.
    - 1221 Two Confederacies Converge on Lincoln: Two Perversions of Manifest Destiny by Matthew Ehret, Canadian Patriot Review Issue 18, 2018
    - 1221 See Aaron Burr and the British Empire’s Plot for Canada by Gerald Therrien for a fuller exposition of Burr’s program for the dissolution of the republic in 1804
    - ££1 Ezra Champion Seaman, Essays on the Progress of Nations (1853), p. 599
    - 1221 How Andrew Jackson Destroyed the United States by Michael Kirsch, EIR December 14,2012 ® Frederick Douglass, Lincoln and the Fight to Save the Soul of America by Cynthia Chung, Rising Tide Foundation, 2020
    - £11 The New National Era (the issue of Aug.
    - 17,1871) by Frederick Douglas, republished in The New Federalist, January, 1998.
    - 1421 The Imperial Myth of Canada’s National Policy and It’s Implications for Today by this author-Untold History of Canada vol. 2, Canadian Patriot Press, 2019
    - 1421 Montreal, City of Secrets Confederate Operations in Montreal During the American Civil War by Barry Sheehy, Baraka Books
    - 1441 So, You Wish to Learn All About Economics?
    - A Text on Elementary Mathematical Economics by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. New Benjamin Franklin House New York, 1984
    - 1421 Abraham Lincoln on “Discoveries and Inventions” (1860)- republished on American System Now
    - ^ The Unity of Law; as exhibited in the relations of physical, social, mental and moral science by Carey, Henry Charles,1793-1879
    - ^Writing in “The Continentalist” in 1782, Hamilton said:
    - "From a different spirit in the government, with superior advantages, France was much later in commercial improvements, nor would her trade have been at this time in so prosperous a condition had ii not been for the abilities and indefatigable endeavors of the great Colbert.
    - He laid the foundation of the French commerce, and taught the way to his successors to enlarge and improve it.
    - The establishment of the woolen manufacture, in a kingdom, where nature seemed to have denied the means, is om among many proofs, how much may be effected in favor of commerce by the attention and patronage of a wise administration.
    - The number of useful edicts passed by Louis XIV, and since his time, inspiti of frequent interruptions from the jealous enmity of Great Britain, has advanced that of France to a degree which has excited the envy and astonishment of its neighbors."
    - ® One of the greatest resources for any student of history in our modern age who wishes to understand Alexander Hamilton and the system he brought into existence is Nancy Spannaus’ Hamilton versus Wall Street: The Principles of the American System o: Economics, Bloomington: iUniverse, 2019
    - Lafayette: The Tragedy of a Great Moment Meeting a Little People by Pierre Beaudry, October 3 2008
    - ® Outlines of American Political Economy by Friedrich List, Printed by Samuel Parker, Philadelphia, 1827
    - ^U WHY Russia Saved the United States: The Forgotten History of a Brotherhood by Cynthia Chung, Rising Tide Foundation 2020
    - 1^1 This will be the topic of volume 2 of ‘Clash of the Two Americas’ coming soon.
    - ^ Every single state of the union had shut down the slave trade by 1792, with six states completely outlawing all slavery and seven banning all imports of slavery with serious programs designed to emancipate slaves over the coming years as industrial growth was hoped to replace cash cropping agrarian systems.
    - This is best outlined in Robert Ingraham’s The Idea of America and Our Mission Today, EIR, June 2020
    - ^ Pickering quote cited in Moderates: The Vital Center of American Politics, from the Founding to Today By David S. Brown, University of N. Carolina Press, 2016
    - ^J Forget Hamilton, Burr Is the Real Hero By Carey Wallace, Time Magazine, April 2016 tell Quote cited in Aaron Burr and the British Empire's Plot for Canada by Gerald Therrien, Canadian Patriot Review, Sept.
    - 11, 2020
    - 1221 Life and Letters of George Cabot: By Henry Cabot Lodge, Little, Brown and Co.
    - 1878
    - tell Passage cited in History of the United States During Thomas Jefferson's Administrations by Henry Adams, OK Publishing, 2018
    - 1221 The Duel: The New York Governor's Race, published in The American Experience on PBS. org 1221 Wilkinson’s treachery is outlined in gory detail in AN ARTIST IN TREASON: THE EXTRAORDINARY DOUBLE LIFE OF GENERAL JAMES WILKINSON BY ANDRO LINKLATER, 2010
    - &1 Passage cited in Cipher/Code of Dishonor; Aaron Burr, an American Enigma: Trinity: The Burrs vs Alexander Hamilton and the United States of America, by Alan J Clark, AuthorHouse 2005, p. 37
    - 1521 Ireland, Haiti and Louisiana and the Idea of a Continental Republic (1797 - 1804) by Gerald Therrien, Canadian Patriot Review, July 14, 2020 tell Cited in History of the United States During Thomas Jefferson's Administrations by Henry Adams, Madison and Adams Press, 2017
    - 1^110 Historical Figures Who Were Dependent On Opium by Gordon Gora, September 2015 Incited in The Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 2 By James Parton, p 3 5 2
    - 1221 How Andrew Jackson Destroyed the United States by Michael Kirsch, EIR, Dec.
    - 14 2012
    - tell cited in Great Britain and the American Civil War By Ephraim Douglass Adams, Outlook Publishing, 2019, pg.
    - 45 tell THE ‘SPECIE RESUMPTION’ FIGHT: Henry Carey’s Battle to Save Lincoln’s Economic Revolution by Robert Ingraham, EIR, Dec 6, 2002
    - 1221 The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; borrow money on the credit of the United States” and "To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures”
    - 1221 The wav to outdo England without fighting her by Carey, Henry, 18 6 5
    - 12 U This chapter has used Douglass’ account of American history from his writings in his autobiography “Life and Times of Frederick Douglass [Park Publishing, 1881”.
    - 1221 Family Compact by David Mills, Canadian Encyclopedia, Feb.
    - 7, 2006
    - 1221 Origins of the Deep State in North America Part one, by Matthew Ehret, Untold History of Can ada vol. 4, 2019
    - 1241 why Albert Pike's Statue Must Fall: The Scottish Rite's Ku Klux Klan Project by Anton Chaitkin Fidelio vol. 2 no. 1, Spring 1993
    - 2221 Passage cited in Trial of the Conspirators for the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by Judge Bingham, special judge advocate, Washington Government Printing Office, 1865
    - 1241 Passage cited in The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln By Henry Jarvis Raymond, Derby and Miller Publishers, p. 7 8 9
    - 1221 A Romantic Realist: George Nicholas Sanders and the Dilemmas of Southern International Engagement by Yonatan Eyal The Journal of Southern History Vol. 78, No. 1 (FEBRUARY 2012), pp 107-130
    - 1241 EMERSON, YOUNG AMERICA, AND THE IMAGINATION OF EMPIRE By Arthur Goldhammer prepared for conference “Art and Empires,” CES, Harvard, April 23, 2007
    - 1221 Montreal, City of Secrets: Confederate Operations in Montreal During the American Civil War by Barry Sheehy, 2017
    - 1221 The Trent Affair by Donald Rakestraw, Essential Civil War Curriculum
    - 12 U The Russian Navy Visits the United States: The Russian Squadron in New York, 1863- Naval History Heritage Command
    - 1221 Bulloch, Teddy Roosevelt's Uncle and Mentor, Funded the Lincoln Assassination by Anton Chaitkin, Schiller Institute, April 2014
    - 1221 The four conspirators that faced the gallows included Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, and David Herold.
    - 1241 Two Confederacies Converge on Lincoln: Two Perversions of Manifest Destiny, Matthew Ehret Untold History of Canada, Canadian Patriot Press, 2019
    - 1221 Why Albert Pike's Statue Must Fall: The Scottish Rite's Ku Klux Klan Project by Anton Chaitkin Fidelio vol. 2, no. 1,1993
    - 1241 The entire principle of the American Credit System as embodied by Lincoln’s Greenback, is tha it is driven not by the highly volatile prices of gold or silver but rather to the powers of productivity of the nation as a whole (see: ongoing scientific and technological rates of progress that rendei debt’s incurred by a national bank self-extinguishing).
    - For more on this system, read the writings of Alexander Hamilton located here.
    - 1221 The Imperial Myth of Canada’s National Policy by Matthew Ehret, Untold History of Canada vol. 2, Canadian Patriot Press, 2019
    - ^ Permindex ties revealed to JFK murder, 1001 Club by Joseph Brewda and Jeffrey Steinberg, EIR vol. 21 no. 49,1994
    - 1^21 Qn the Trail of the Assassins by Jim Garrison, New York-Warner publishing, 1991
    - 1221 The History of Camp-X, camp-x. com
    - 1211 PETER THE GREAT’S INTERMEZZO WITH G.
    - W.
    - LEIBNIZ AND G.
    - DELISLE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE IN RUSSIA by Kristina Kuentzel-Witt, Quaestio Rossica • Vol. 6 • 2018 • N-1, p. 63-78
    - 12 U The Crimean War: British grand strategy against Russia, 1853-6 by Andrew Lambert, Researchgate, 2011
    - 1221 s.
    - B. Okun, The Russian-American Company, 1951 p.251
    - 1241 okun, p. 242
    - 1221 Pacific Historical Review vol. 3,1934 p. 30
    - 1221 Okun, p. 259-260
    - 1221 American Relations 1815-1867, N.
    - Y. DaCapo Press, 1970, p.148
    - 1221 Congressional Globe, Volume 40, by USA Congress, 2 nd Session, p. 1339
    - 1221 The Alabama Claims, 1862-1872, Office of the Historian of the U.
    - S. Government 12221 Revive the Legacy of Russia’s Sergei Witte by William Jones, EIR, vol. 3, no. 2,2006
    - 12211 THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY By THEODORE WATERS, Frank Leslie's Popular MonthlyMarch, 1900, republished in the Catsgill Archive
    - 12221 The Burlingame-Seward Treaty of 18 6 8, Office of the Historian of the U.
    - S. Government
    - 12221 The American Spirit behind China’s New Silk Road by Matthew Ehret, LA Review of Books: China Channel, Feb.
    - 28, 2019
    - 12211 Speech of Hon.
    - Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, on the Cession of Russian America, Congressional Globe Office pg.
    - 12
    - 22222 The Cosmopolitan Railway: Compacting and Fusing Together All the World's Continents by William Gilpin, San Francisco, The History company, 1890
    - 12221 To London By Rail, New York Times, March 2 7, 2006
    - 12271 The Russian Navy Visits the United States: The Russian Squadron in New York, 1863 published in Naval History and Heritage Command
    - 12221 The ‘Clean Break' Doctrine: A Modern-Day Sykes-Picot Waging War and Havoc in the Middle East by Cynthia Chung, Strategic Culture Foundation, May 18 2020
    - ™ This story is told in full in Sun Yat-sen's Legacy and The American Revolution by Bob Wesser and Mark Calney, published in EIR, Oct.
    - 28 2011
    - M Two Peoples-One Friendship by Henry Wallace, Survey Graphic Magazine, 1944
    - UddJ Russia to Build World’s Longest Tunnel, April 18, 2007, New York Times mu The Polar Silk Road Comes to Life as a New Epoch in History Begins by Matthew Ehret, Strategic Culture Foundation, May 16, 2019 mu The Harmony of Interests, Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial by Henry C Carey, J.
    - S. Skinner, Philadelphia, 1851 p. 41
    - 11^1 Two Confederacies Converge on Lincoln: Two Perversions of Manifest Destiny by Matthew Ehret, Untold History of Canada vol. 2, Canadian Patriot Press, 2019 mil Drunk History: Canada's Booze-Soaked Beginnings by David Berry, Hazlit, Sept 9, 2014 Umi Montreal, City of Secrets: Confederate Operations in Montreal During the American Civil War by Barry Sheehy, Baraka Books, 2017 mil The Rothschild Roots of the KKK, by Paul Goldstein, EIR, vol 5, no. 37,1978 mu while famous for his discovery of the periodic table of elements, it is often forgotten that the great Russian scientist Dimitri Mendeleyev was an avid student of the American system, visited the USA in 18 76 and returned to his homeland to head the Committee on the Protective Tariff where he polemicized against British Free Trade for years in defense of Russia’s right to develop it: productive forces.
    - This story is told in SCIENTIST-STATESMAN FOUGHT BRITISH "FREE TRADE" IN RUSSIA by Barbara Frazier, Executive Intelligence Review, January, 1992 mil The Annexation Movement in British Columbia Sage, W.
    - N.
    - (Walter Noble), Royal Society of Canada, 1927 m°Z william Gilpin, Geographical Memorandum on the Pacific Railroad, 1856, reproduced in Gilpin’s Mission of the North American People, Geographical, Social, and Political, J.
    - B Lippencot & Co.
    - 1873 p. 185 mil Eda Kranakiss, An Exploration of Engineering Culture 1996 by Mit Press p. 331 mu william Gilpin’s earliest recorded memory was an 182 5 visit paid by Marquis Lafayette to his family home in Brandywine which served as Lafayette’s headquarters during the 1777 Battle of Brandywine.
    - mu Robert Ingraham, Manhattan’s Struggle for Human Freedom Against the Slave Power of Virginia, May 8, 2015 Executive Intelligence Review.
    - It cannot be re-emphasized enough that today’s negative view of Manifest Destiny is derived directly from the fallacious British-directed image which shaped America as a new world conqueror as was evidenced by Jackson’s Trail of
    - Tears and wars against the natives and Mexicans.
    - Today’s Pax Americana policy of the neo conservatives and neo-liberals is shaped by this version of Manifest Destiny.
    - h^J Britain’s Hudson Bay Company, not known for nation building, tried desperately to pack Oregon with its subjects on several occasions in 1840-1841 failing miserably each time.
    - The last attempt proved especially embarrassing when under orders from George Simpson, 200 settlers were sent from Manitoba’s Red River Colony to Oregon, but preferring the warmth and freedom of America, all 200 chose to join the U.
    - S.-led Willamette valley settlement rather than stay within Hudson Bay land.
    - The Great Migration of 1843 saw 1000 settlers make the 2170 mile trek across the Oregon Trail in one season, demonstrating the superiority of the American approach to western settlement.
    - h^1 Frank Carnes, William Gilpin: Western Nationalist, University of Texas Press, 1970, p. 76 h^1 In 18 5 6 Fremont became the first presidential candidate for the newly formed Republican Party narrowly losing to Buchanan.
    - During the Civil War, Fremont proved a hot head who chose to free all the slaves under his jurisdiction without conferring with Lincoln.
    - This act put Lincoln’s more thoughtful grand plan for emancipation which required more tact and patience in jeopardy.
    - Fremont was relieved of his post in December of 18 61.
    - Story is documented in How Abraham Lincoln Fired General John C. Fremont by Ronald E. Franklin, published in owlocation. com, June 23,2018
    - 11^1 Bankroft, History of the Life of William Gilpin, San Francisco History Company Publishers 1889, p. 20
    - ^^ Karnes, Western Nationalist, p. 108
    - ^^ Karnes, Western Nationalist, p. 112
    - LZ^oy Letter of Dr. John McLaughlin to George Simpson, March 20,1844.
    - It is noteworthy that McLaughlin seems to have truly befriended Gilpin, and was often in conflict with Sir George Simpson and Hudson Bay policy to subvert migration.
    - This high-level veteran colonial administrator ultimately quit the HBC to become an American citizen in 1849.
    - U^J On top of forming the territory of Oregan, the petition also called for surveying, land provisions, regular mail service, Indian protection, and commercial relations.
    - It was widely recognized that Gilpin’s memorial and speeches played a direct role in shaping the Oregon Treaty passed in 1846.
    - ^^ Address to the U.
    - S. Senate- 2 March 1846; quoted in Mission of the North American People, Geographical, Social, and Political (1873), by William Gilpin, p. 124.
    - 11221 Laura Walls, Passage of the Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of the Americas, 2009
    - 122*1 Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Island of Cuba, republished by University of Chicago Press, 2011
    - UMI Anna Maria Gillis, Humboldt in the New World, HUMANITIES, November/December 2012, Volume 33, Number 6
    - 12261 Gilpin, The Cosmopolitan Railway: compacting and fusing together all the world's continents San Francisco, The History company, 1890, pg.
    - 207
    - 12221 William Gilpin, The Central Gold Region: The Grain, Pastoral, and Gold Regions of North
    - America, Philadelphia, 1860, p. Ill, 170 Hill Asa Whitney, A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific, New York 1849 p. 4
    - 22221 cited from Kenneth Porter’s William Gilpin: Sinophile and Eccentric published in Colorado Magazine vol. 37 no. 4 1960, p.249
    - UMI An 1846 treaty by Congressman David Wilmot banning slavery from any new territory acquired by Mexico which passed the House but was defeated in Senate.
    - Ma 1820 Act forbidding the spread of slavery above the 39 th parallel.
    - UMI Benton’s own tendency to compromise especially on his own hypocritical ownership of slave: were major factors in his failure as a leader during this period
    - M Republican Party Platform of 1856, June 18,1856
    - M Although opposing the 1850 compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act, and supporting public works, Fremont’s father-in-law Thomas Benton was never capable of breaking with his comprom ising instincts (or his ownership of slaves) and chose to support Buchanan against Fremont in the 1856 election ensuring America was brought another step closer to doom.
    - UMI Karnes, Western Nationalist p. 255
    - UMI in the first two months of office Gilpin passed an incredible 51 laws, 40 acts, 8 joint memorials and 3 joint resolutions.
    - 22421 House Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Colorado Republican Office, Denver, Sept.
    - 9, 1861, p.12
    - UMI Karnes, Western Nationalist, p. 272
    - UMI Gilpin’s recounting of Lincoln’s instructions to him follow: "On finances we have not one cent, j have just negotiated a loan of $50 million from the banks of New York and have called a special sessiot of Congress to meet on the 4 th of July to know if they will hang me for this unconstitutional act.
    - If you are driven to extremities, you must do as I have done- issue drafts on your own responsibility" - excerpt from Bancroft, History of the Life of William Gilpin-.
    - A Character Study, History Company Publishers, 1889, San Francisco p. 44 f^l Cited in Karnes, Western Nationalist
    - 2 X 5 XZ Hall to Seward, Oct.
    - 9,18 61 Lincoln Papers vol. 5 8
    - LL 52 J Alabama claims of the United States of America against Great Britain Award rendered on 14 September 18 7 2 by the tribunal of arbitration established by Article I of the Treaty of Washington of 8 May 1871.
    - For a fuller story see The Imperial Myth of Canadian Nationalism by Matthew Ehret, July 2013, Canadian Patriot Review
    - 2 X 5 Z 7 Sumner, Speech On the Cession of Russian, Washington Printed at Congressional Globe Office 1867, p. 12 li^l Robert Ingraham, Ulysses S. Grant’s Moral Crusade for Peace 1865-1879, Executive Intelligence Review, August 14, 2015
    - AiA^z william Gilpin, The Central Gold Region: The Grain, Pastoral and Gold Regions of North America, Philadelphia 1860, Preface vi
    - A?^«z Gilpin, Cosmopolitan Railway p. 303 f^^Ibid. p.53 i^Ibid. p.213
    - 1^1 The wave of coups, assassinations and wars orchestrated by the failing British Empire during the last decades of the 19 th century, led directly to the “century of war” that has characterized the 20 th century.
    - The chaos unleashed during this period not only set natural allies such as Germany and Russia into conflict with one another, but shaped a new demoralized culture of young men and women who lost faith in the beauty of human creativity and technological progress.
    - Without proper faith in a positive destiny for the species, that creative reason so necessary for the formation of a republican culture and win cooperation among the parts for the harmony of whole is impossible.
    - 116 Q 1 a World without Darwin by Michal Meyer, Science History Institute, August 2,2014
    - ^ An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, London, 1798
    - AL£2 Z Unity of Law: An Exhibition on the Relations of Physical, Social, Mental and Moral Science by Henry C. Carey, Philadelphia, H.
    - C. Baird Publishing, 1872
    - ® What is the Fabian Society and to What End was it Created?
    - Canadian Patriot Review, 2013
    - ^ Anglo-American Establishment, Carroll Quigley, NY Books in Focus, 1981
    - 11^1 Imperial Federation: The Problem of National Unity, George Parkin, Macmillan and Co.
    - New York, 1892, p.7

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